Test 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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Kinds of cells | Eukaryotes prokaryotes
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DNA in Prokaryotes | DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane, one circular chromosome, not associated in with histones
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Prokaryotic Cells | no membrane enclosed organelles
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DNA Eukaryotes | DNA encolsed in nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, associated w/ histones and non histones
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Eukaryotic cells | golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes
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Prokaryotes | include bacteria and archaea
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Species of Bacteria are Differeniated by | Morphology, chemocal composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, source of energy
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Basic Shapes | Bacillus, cocci, spiral,
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Bacillus | Rod shape
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Coccus | spherical
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Spiral | Spirillum, Vibrio(comma shaped), spirochetes
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Sarcinae | Coccus- remain in groups of 8
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Streptococci | remain attached in chainlike pattern
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Staphylococci | fomr grapelike structures
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Spirochetes | helical and flexible
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Unsual bacterial shapes | stella and haloarcula
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Shape determination | heredity
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Monomorphic | maintain a single shape
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Pleomorphic | can have more than one gentically controlles shape
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Pleomorphic bacteria | Rhizobium, corynebacterium
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Prokaryotic cell layers | outer membrane, cell wall, capsule, plasma membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, pilus, flagellum
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Glycocalyx | Sugar coat on surface of many cells, made inside and secreted outside
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Capsule | organized and firmly attached glycocalyx
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Slime layer | unorganized and loosly attached glycocalyx
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Purpose of capsule | provides protection against phagocytosis, allow bacteria to attach to surfaces, source of nutrition, protects from dehydration
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Flagella | Motility
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Arrangements of flagella | monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous
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Monotrichous | single polar flagellum
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amphitrichous | tuft of flagella on both ends
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lophotrichous | 2 or more flagella at one pole
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peritrichous | flagella distributed all over cell
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Parts of flagella | Filament, hook, basal body
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Filament | long outermost part, constant diameter, composed of flagellin
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flagellin | globular protein, arranged in intertwining chains, forming,helix, around hollow core
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Hook | filament attached to it, wider, made of different protein
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basal body | small central rod inserted into a series of rings
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gram negative basal body | outer ring anchored to various portions of cells; inner ring attachedto plasma membrane
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gram positive basal body | one pair of rings, only one paired attached to plasma membrane
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Run | flagella movement is in one direction
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tumbles | abrupt random changes in direction
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taxis | movement torward or awayfrom a stimulus
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Positive Taxis | movement torward an attractant
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Negative Taxis | movement away from repellent
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Axial Filament location | Found on spriochetes and also called endoflagella
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Axial filament | made of bundles of fibrils beneath an outer sheath and spiral around cell
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Fimbrae & Pili | found in gm neg bacteria, shorter and thinner than flagella
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composition of fimbrae & Pili | made of protein called pilin
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Fimbrae | enables a cell to adhere to surfaces, if not present no colonizationa
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Pili | Sex Pili, 1 or 2 found on cells; join cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another
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the cell wall | point of anchorage for flagella
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pseudomurein | archaea cell wall - modification of muramic acid
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Peptidoglycan composed of | NAG and NAM which make carbohydrate backbone
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rows are linked by | polypeptides that always include tetrapeptide side chains of 4 amino acids attached to NAM
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Penicillin | interferes with final linking of peptidoglycan rowsby peptide crossing bridge
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Gram positve cell wall | many layers of PTG, contain techoic acid(Lipo/Wall)
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Lipotechoic | Linked to plasma membrane
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wall techoic | linked to PTG
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Gram Negative cell wall | one or few layers of peptidoglycans, no techoic acid
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PTG | present in periplasm
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Lipid A | endotoxin causes fever and shock
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O Polysaccahride | is antigenic and ised for ID
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lysozymes | target cell wall- cuts the bond btwn sugars
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protoplasts | help rebuild cell wall
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Osmotic lysis | Destruction of protoplast and spheroplasts
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Passive process | substance moves from higher concentration to lower concentration w/o energy
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Active process | substance moves from area of lower concentration to higher concentration w/ energy
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hypotonic solution | cell with weak cell wall may burst
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hypertonic | bacterial cells shrink and collapse
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group translocation | only prokaryotes- special type of active transport
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Group translocation energy | Phosphoenol Pyruvic Acid (PEP)
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Plasmids | small circular double stranded DNA which are extra- chromosomal- carry genes for abx resistance.
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70S | prokaryotic ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S
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50S | large subunit attacked by erythromycin and cloramphenicol
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30S | smaller subunit attacked by mycin's
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Created by:
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