Cell Injury
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| etiology | cause of disease
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| pathogenesis | mechanism of disease development
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| homeostasis | Cell maintains itself within narrow range of parameters
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| Pathology | Discipline bridging clinical practice and basic science
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| Pathology (GREEK) | Study (logos) of suffering (pathos)
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| Pathology studies: | Causes of disease and underlying mechanism
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| Two kinds of cell death | a. necrosis and b. apoptosis
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| Necrosis | Many causes; inflammation, etc., but appears in response to stress
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| Hypertrophy | Increase in size of individual cells
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| Hypertrophy ex. | Myocardium--heart has hypertension, cells enlarge to handle increased load
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| atrophy | Decrease in size
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| Necrosis -4 methods | ischemia, toxin exposure, infection, trauma
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| Necrosis-characteristics | severe cell damage; loss of cell contents, pathological process
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| apoptosis-characterstics | active cell death-not associated with pathologic cell injury
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| hypoxia -4 kinds | Ischemia, anoxia, cellular responses, reperfusion injury
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| Ischemia | Loss of blood supply from impeded arterial flow
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| Anoxia | Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues.
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| Reperfusion Injury | myocardial impairment, usually with arrhythmia, following the opening of arterial blockage and considered to be due to oxygen-derived free radicals.
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| Chemical injury to cells 5 | Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury - street drugs
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| Etiology -2 | 1. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation.
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| Anaphylactic reaction | An induced systemic or generalized sensitivity; at times the term anaphylaxis is used for anaphylactic shock. The term is commonly used to denote the clinical reaction seen with system IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Multivalent antigen crosslinks
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| Free radicals | 1. an atom or atom group having an unpaired electron on an oxygen atom, typically derived from molecular oxygen. For example, 1-electron reduction of O2 produces the superoxide radical, Ō2·; other examples include the hydroperoxyl radical (HOO·), the hydr
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| Free radicals / reactive oxygen species | electrically uncharged atom - or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
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| What do free radicals do? | a. Lipid peroxidation b. alteration of proteins c. alteration of DNA d. mechanisms for the inactivation of free readical
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| Inactivation of free radicals | Because free radical generation is a normal part of respiration, cells must have a way to handle--they are unstable and decay spontaneously
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| Lipid peroxidation | In liver--carbon tetrachloride converted to free radical in liver; "fatty liver" from cellular breakdown
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| Phagocytosis-by scavenger white blood cells | 1. The process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substances, other cells, bacteria, bits of necrotic tissue, foreign particles
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| metaplasia | Reversible change-adult cells are "replaced" by another cell type
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| Metaplasia - ex. | In lungs of smokers, normal cells are replaced by "squamous" cells which are thought to be hardy--but they can continue to transform into cancer cells
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| creatine kinase- what does is mean when found in circulation? | Cardiac muscle contains it--it it's circulating in blood, indicates injury to heart
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| Two phenomena which characterize irreversible cell damage | 1.) Mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phophorylation & ATP Generation) and 2.) development of profound disturbance in cell membrane
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| Four causes of membrane damage | a.) loss of membrane phospholipids
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| phospholipids | any of numerous lipids (as lecithins and phosphatidylethanolamines) in which phosphoric acid as well as a fatty acid is esterified to glycerol and which are found in all living cells and in the bilayers of cell membranes
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| Cytoskeletal abnormalities are caused by... | Activation of proteases by increased intracellular calcium
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| protease | any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to the most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine)
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| Toxic oxygen radicals | Cell death - during reperfusion, partially reduced oxygen species are highly toxic
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| Cell death - lipid breakdown products | Accumulate in ischemic cells & have a detergent effect on membranes
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| autophagy | digestion of cellular constituents by enzymes of the same cell
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| hyperplasia | increase in number of cells
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| plasia | development : formation <dysplasia> <heteroplasia>
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| morphology | the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts
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| cytokine | any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon) that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system
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