Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues.
Reperfusion Injury
myocardial impairment, usually with arrhythmia, following the opening of arterial blockage and considered to be due to oxygen-derived free radicals.
Chemical injury to cells 5
Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury - street drugs
Etiology -2
1. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation.
Anaphylactic reaction
An induced systemic or generalized sensitivity; at times the term anaphylaxis is used for anaphylactic shock. The term is commonly used to denote the clinical reaction seen with system IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Multivalent antigen crosslinks
Free radicals
1. an atom or atom group having an unpaired electron on an oxygen atom, typically derived from molecular oxygen. For example, 1-electron reduction of O2 produces the superoxide radical, Ō2·; other examples include the hydroperoxyl radical (HOO·), the hydr
Free radicals / reactive oxygen species
electrically uncharged atom - or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
What do free radicals do?
a. Lipid peroxidation b. alteration of proteins c. alteration of DNA d. mechanisms for the inactivation of free readical
Inactivation of free radicals
Because free radical generation is a normal part of respiration, cells must have a way to handle--they are unstable and decay spontaneously
Lipid peroxidation
In liver--carbon tetrachloride converted to free radical in liver; "fatty liver" from cellular breakdown
Phagocytosis-by scavenger white blood cells
1. The process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substances, other cells, bacteria, bits of necrotic tissue, foreign particles
metaplasia
Reversible change-adult cells are "replaced" by another cell type
Metaplasia - ex.
In lungs of smokers, normal cells are replaced by "squamous" cells which are thought to be hardy--but they can continue to transform into cancer cells
creatine kinase- what does is mean when found in circulation?
Cardiac muscle contains it--it it's circulating in blood, indicates injury to heart
Two phenomena which characterize irreversible cell damage
1.) Mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phophorylation & ATP Generation) and 2.) development of profound disturbance in cell membrane
Four causes of membrane damage
a.) loss of membrane phospholipids
phospholipids
any of numerous lipids (as lecithins and phosphatidylethanolamines) in which phosphoric acid as well as a fatty acid is esterified to glycerol and which are found in all living cells and in the bilayers of cell membranes
Cytoskeletal abnormalities are caused by...
Activation of proteases by increased intracellular calcium
protease
any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to the most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine)
Toxic oxygen radicals
Cell death - during reperfusion, partially reduced oxygen species are highly toxic
Cell death - lipid breakdown products
Accumulate in ischemic cells & have a detergent effect on membranes
autophagy
digestion of cellular constituents by enzymes of the same cell
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
plasia
development : formation
morphology
the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts
cytokine
any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon) that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system
Beef Production
