Chapter 5
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| Gastrointestinal tract | Begins with mouth and ends with the anus
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| Functions of Digestion | 1. Ingestion
2.Digestion
3. Absorbtion
4. Elimination
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| Ingested | Food taken into mouth
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| Digested | Broken down, mechanically and chemically
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| Amino acids | small building blocks of proteins
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| Glucose | A simple sugar
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| Fatty acids & triglycerides | 3 parts fatty acids and one part glycerol
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| Absorbtion | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
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| Elimination | elimination of solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into blood stream
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| Cheeks | Form walls of oval shaped oral cavity
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| Lips | Surround the opening cavity
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| Hard palate | Forms anterior portion of roof
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| Soft palate | Lies posterior to hard palate
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| Rugae | Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anteruor portion of the hard palate
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| Uvula | Small soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate
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| Tongue | extends across oral cavity and its muscles attach to lower jaw
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| Deglutition | Swallowing
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| Papillae | Small raised areas on the tongue, contains taste buds
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| Tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes, lies on both sides if the oropharynx
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| Gums | fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
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| Teeth | 32 permanent teeth in oral cavity
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| Different teeth | Central incisor, lateral incisor, Canine, First premolar, Second premolar, First molar, Second molar, Third molar(wisdom)
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| Labial surface | incisor and canine teeth, nearest the lips
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| Buccal surface | Premolar and molar teeth, lies adjacent to the cheek. Side toward the cheek
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| Facial surface | both the labial and the buccal surface
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| Labi/o | lip
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| Faci/o | face
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| Lingu/o | Lingual
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| Lingual surface | on the side of the tooth directly opposite the facial surface. Side toward the tongue
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| Mesial | Lies nearer to the median line
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| Distal surface | Lies farther from the medial line
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| Occlusal surface | occlusion means closing. The crease where both sides meet
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| Incisal edge | both canines and incisors have this sharp edge
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| Crown | shows above the gum line
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| Root | lies within the bony tooth socket
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| Enamel | Protects the tooth, Dense hard white substance, hardest substance in body
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| Dentin | The primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
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| Cementum | Covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root
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| Peridontal membrane | Surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
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| Pulp | Lies underneath the dentin. Soft & delicate tissue fills the center of the tooth
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| Root canal/Pulp canal | contains blod vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels
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| Salivary glands | Surround and empty into the oral cavity
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| Saliva | Produced by salivary glands. Lubricates the mouth
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| Enzymes | important digestive enzymes as well as healing growth factors such as cytokines
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| Saliva is released from : | 1. Parotid gland, 2. Submandibular gland, 3. Sublingual gland
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| Pharynx/throat | About 5 inches long, muscular tube. Lined with a mucous membrane. Serves as a passageway for air traveling from the nose to the windpipe and for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus
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| Esophagus | 9- 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach
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| Deglutition | swallowing
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| Epiglottis | Covers the trachea so that food cannot enter and become lodged there.
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| Peristalsis | involuntary, progressive rythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus propelling a bolus down toward the stomach
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| Stomach has 3 main parts | Fundus, Body and Antrum
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| Fundus | Upper portion of stomach
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| Body | Middle section of stomach
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| Antrum | Lower portion of stomach
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| Sphincters | Control the opening into and leading out of the stomach
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| Lower Esophaeal sphincter | Relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach
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| Pyloric Sphincter | Allows food to leave the stomach when it is ready
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| Rugae | folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach
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| Pepsin | To being disgestion of proteins
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| Hydrocloric acid | rugae produces this digestive gland
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| Small intestine | 20 ft from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine. 3 parts, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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| Duodenum | 1 ft long, Receives food from stomach as well as bile from liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. Enzymes and bile help digest food before it passes into the second part of the small intesting jejunum
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| Jejunum | 8 ft long. Connects with ileum
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| Ileum | 11 ft long, attaches to first part of long intestine
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| Villi | microscopic projections that line the walls of the small intestine. Tiny capillaries in the villi absorb digested nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessels
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| Large intestine | Extends from he end of the ileum to the anus. 3 main components, cecum, colon and the rectum. Absorbs most of the water within the waste material
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| Cecum | First part of large intestine. Pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum at the ileoceal valve(sphincter)
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| Appendix | Hangs from the cecum. No clear function, can become inflamed and infected when clogged or blocked
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| Colon | Large intestine, consisting of cecum. The ascending, transverse and descending segments, and sigmoid of the colon.5 ft long.
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| Ascending color | Extends from the cecum to the under surface of the liver, where it turns to the left to become the transverse colon
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| Transverse colon | Passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward into the descending colon
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| Sigmoid colon | Shaped like an 'S'. Begins at the distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum
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| Rectum | Terminates in the lower opening of the gastrointestinal tract, the anus
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| Defacation | expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus. Diarrhea or passage of watery stools results from the reduced water absorption into the bloodstream through the walls of the large intestine.
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| Liver | Manufactures a thick, orange -black,sometimes greenish fluid called bile. Located in RUQ
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| Ble | digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
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| Bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile
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| Jaundice(hyperbilirubinemia) | When the bilirubin remains in the bloodstream. It happens if a bile duct is blocked or the liver is damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into the bile.
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| Hepatic duct | continuous bile is sent here and then to the cystic duct
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| Cystic duct | Leads to the gallbladder
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| Gallbladder | A pear shaped sac under the liver, which stores and concentrates the bile for later use. After meals, the gallbladder contracts, forcing the bile out the cystic duct into the common bile duct
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| PancreaS | Secrete pancreatic juices that are released into the pancreatic duct
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| Pancreatic duct | Joins with the common bile duct just as it enters the duodenum, and that receives a mixtures of bile and pancreatic juices
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| Emulsification | Bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats
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| Function of liver | Maintaining glucose levels. Liver removes glucose from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen in liver cells.
2. Manufacturing blood proteins, like those for blood clotting
3. Releasing bilirubin
4. Removing poisons from the blood
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| Glyconeogenisis | When the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose
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| Gluconeogenisis | When the liver converts proteins and fats into glucose, when the body needs sugar
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| Portal Vein | Brings blood to the liver from the intestines.Digested foods pass directly after being absorbed in the capillaries of small intestine, giving liver first change for nutrients
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| Pancreas | Organ under the stomach; produces insulin( for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).Both an endocrine and an exocrine organ. Produces enzymes to digest starch(amylase, lipase, protease)
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| Amyl/o | Exocrine gland: ExoStarch
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| amylase | Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
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| -ase | enzyme
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| Prote/0 | Protein
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| Insulin | Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
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| anus | terminal end or opening of the digestive tract
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| Common bile duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus
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| Duo | 2
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| Den | 10
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| An/o | Anus
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| Append/o | appendix
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| Appendic/o | appendix
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| Bucc/o | Cheek
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| Cec/o | Cecum
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| Celi/o | Belly, abdomen
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| Cheil/o | Lip
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| Cholecyst/o | Gallbladder
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| Choleduch/o | common bile duct
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| Col/o | Colon, large intestine
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| Colon/o | Colon
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| Dent/i | Tooth
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| Duoden/o | Duodenum
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| Enter/o | intestines, usually small intestines
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| Esophag/o | esophagus
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| Faci/o | Face
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| Gastro/o | Stomach
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| Gingiv/o | Gums
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| Gloss/o | Tongue
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| Hepat/o | Liver
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| Ile/o | Ileum
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| Jejun/o | jejunum
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| Labi/o | Lip
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| Lapar/o | Abdomen
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| Lingu/o | Tongue
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| Mandibul/o | Lower jaw, mandible
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| Odont/o | tooth
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| Or/o | Mouth
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| Palat/o | Palate
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| Pancreat/o | pancreas
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| Peritone/o | peritoneum
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| Pharyng | throat
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| Proct/o | Anus and rectum
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| Pylor/o | Pyloric sphincter
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| Rect/o | rectum
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| Sialaden/o | salivary gland
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| Sigmoid/o | Sigmoid colon
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| Stomat/o | mouth
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| Uvul/o | uvula
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| Amyl/o | Starch
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| Bil/o | gall, bile
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| Bilirubin | bilirubin
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| Chol/e | gall, bile
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| Chlorhydr/o | hydrocloric acid
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| Gluc/o | sugar
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| Glyc/o | sugar
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| glycogen/o | glycogen,animal starch
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| Lip/o | fat, lipid
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| Lith/o | stone
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| Prote/o | protein
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| Sial/o | saliva, salivary
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| Steat/o | fat
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| -ase | enzyme
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| -chezia | defecation, elimination of wastes
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| -iasis | Abnormal condition
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| -prandial | Meal
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| Eti/o | Cause
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| Idi/o | Unknown
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| Sign | is an objective find indicating the presence of disease as perceived by an examiner
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| Symptom | Is an subjective sensation or change in health as experienced by the patient
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| Anorexia | lack of appetite
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| -orexia | appetite
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| Ascites | Abnoraml accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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| Borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
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| Constipation | Difficulty in passing stools
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| Laxatives & Catharics | Medications to promote movement of stools
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| Diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
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| Dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing
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| Eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
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| Flatus | Gas expelled from the anus
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| Hematochezia | Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
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| Juandice (icterus) | Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
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| Melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
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| Nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
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| Steatorrhea | Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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| Aphthous stomatitis(canker) | Inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers
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| Dental caries | Tooth decay
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| Herpetic Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
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| Oral leukoplakia | White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
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| Peridontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
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| Gingivitis | Occurs as a result of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar( yellow -brown calcified deposit on teeth)
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| Achalasia | Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES)muscle to relax
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| Esophageal cancer | Malignant tumor of the esophagus
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| Esophageal varices | Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
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| Gastric cancer | malignant tumor of the stomach
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| Gastrointestinal refulx disease (GERD) | Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
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| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it
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| Peptic ulcer | Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
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| Anal Fistula | Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
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| Colonic polyps | Polyps protrude form the mucous membrane of the colon
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| Colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the color or rectum, or both
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| Crohn Disease | Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract ( terminal ileum and colon)
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| Diverticulosis | Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall
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| Dysentery | Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
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| Hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
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| Ileus | Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
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| Intussuception | Telescoping of the intestines
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| Irritable bowel syndrome | Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
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| Ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
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| volvulus | Twisting of the intestine on itself
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| Cholelithiasis | Gallstones in the gallbladder
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| Cirrhosis | Chronic disease of the liver
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| Pancreatic Cancer | Malignant tumor of the pancreas
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| Viral Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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