A&P Ch4 Tissue level of organization
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| If you find errors PLEASE email me so I can fix them. | Totallyjen@gmail.com
🗑
|
||||
| Cell types arranged in various combinations with discrete structural and functional properties | Tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Tissues in combination working to perform a specific function. | Organ
🗑
|
||||
| The study of tissues | histology
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue that lines internal passageways and chambers | Epithelial tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue which transports materials, and stores energy reserves | Connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of that carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses | Neural tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue specialized for contraction | Muscle tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue which provides structural support for other tissues | Connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue which forms glands | Epithelial tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue which fills internal space | Connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Type of tissue that covers exposed surfaces | Epithelial tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Two types of structure included in epithelial tissue | epithelia and glands
🗑
|
||||
| What does epithelia do? | cover internal or external surfaces in layers
🗑
|
||||
| What do glands do? | produce fluid secretions
🗑
|
||||
| Why are glands included in the epithelial group of tissues? | They are either attached to or derived from epithelia
🗑
|
||||
| In epithelia, cells are bound closely together by interconnections called... | cell junctions
🗑
|
||||
| This term refers to the epithelial presence of an exposed surface and a base | polarity
🗑
|
||||
| What do we call the exposed surface of epithelial tissue? | apical
🗑
|
||||
| What do we call the attached surface of epithelial tissue? | basal lamina or basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| What two tissues create the attachment ability of a basal lamina? | The basal surface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Why must epithelial cells obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption across epithelial surface? | It is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| The rate of regeneration of epithelial cells is typically much faster than that of other tissues because... | it is continuously replaced through stem cell divisions in the epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Name the 4 essential functions of epithelial tissue | Protection, absorption, sensation, secretion
🗑
|
||||
| Epithelial cells that produce secretions | gland cells
🗑
|
||||
| In this type of tissue, most or all the epithelial cells produce secretions | Glandular epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two destinations and functions of glandular secretions? | surface (physical protection or temperature regulation) or interstitial fluid and blood (chemical messengers)
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 specialized categories into which epithelial cells fall. Hint: it relates to fluids | 1) make secretions 2) move fluids through epithelium 3) move fluids over epithelial surface
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two functional regions of epithelial cells? | Apical surface (exposed) and basolateral surface (attachment)
🗑
|
||||
| These are often present on epithelial cells that line internal passageways, especially where absorption and secretion occur | Microvilli
🗑
|
||||
| The presence of microvilli increases the surface area by as much as ... | 20 times
🗑
|
||||
| A typical ciliated epithelium cell contains about 250 cilia that move in what way? | they beat in a coordinated manner, bathing the surface of the cell in fluid and moving the fluid in one direction
🗑
|
||||
| What is the result of damage or injury to ciliated epithelium by abrasion or exposure to toxic compounds like nicotine or CO? | It can stop ciliated movement, block the protective flow of mucus, and possibly lead to infection or disease
🗑
|
||||
| Transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of opposing plasma membranes | CAMs, Cell Adhesion Molecules, bind to eachother and to extracellcular molecules
🗑
|
||||
| CAMs on the basolateral surface of an epithelium help bind the cell to the ... | underlying basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Membranes of adjacent cells may be bonded by a thin layer of proteoglycans that contain these polysaccharide derivatives | glycosaminoglycans, like hyaluronan (hayaluronic acid)
🗑
|
||||
| In this cell junction, the lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. | tight junction
🗑
|
||||
| Inferior to cells bound by tight junctions is a band that encircles the cells and binds them to their neighbors, called... | Adhesion belt
🗑
|
||||
| Explain why epithelial cells with tight junctions are found lining tubes such as the intestinal tract. | They isolate contents of the lumen from the basolateral surfaces of the cell, preventing enzymes, acids, and waste from autodigestion
🗑
|
||||
| Type of cell junction where two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons | Gap Junction
🗑
|
||||
| What type of proteins are connexons? | Channel proteins common in epithelial cells where movement of ions helps coordinate functions such as cilia beating. Also in other tissues like cardiac and smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Very strong cell junction involving CAMs and proteglycans, which link opposing plasma membranes and resist stretching and twisting | Desmosome (Desmos=ligament, soma=body)
🗑
|
||||
| Desmosome junctions are formed between two cells whose cytoskeletons are connected by a complex known as a... | dense area
🗑
|
||||
| Type of desmosome described as small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments, which stabilize the shape of the cell | Spot desmosome
🗑
|
||||
| Type of desmosome that resemble half of a spot desmosome, attaching a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane | Hemidesmosome (hemi=half)
🗑
|
||||
| The layer of the basement closer to the epithelium containing glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments | Clear Layer, Secreted by adjacent epithelial cells
🗑
|
||||
| What is the role of the clear layer of the basement membrane? | restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from underlying connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| The layer of the basement deeper to the epithelium containing bundles of coarse protein fibers | Dense Layer, Produced by connective tissue cells
🗑
|
||||
| What connects epithelial cells to the composite basement membrane? | Hemidesmosomes
🗑
|
||||
| What is the role of the Dense Layer of the basement membrane? | It gives strength to the basement membrane and acts as a filter between epithelium and adjacent tissues
🗑
|
||||
| What type of cells continue dividing in order for epithelium to maintain its structure? | stem cells, or germinative cells, located in a relatively protected location near the basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| In what way must epithelial cells be viewed to determine their shape? | A perpendicular section showing both the exposed surface and the basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears thin and flat | squamous
🗑
|
||||
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears like little boxes | cuboidal
🗑
|
||||
| In sectional view, this cell shape appears tall like relatively slender rectangles | columnar
🗑
|
||||
| If only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane, then that layer is a... | simple epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| All the cells of a simple epithelium has the characteristic of uniform distance from the nucleus to the basement from one cell to the next. This is because they have the same... | polarity
🗑
|
||||
| simple epithelium are thin and fragile, so they exist in protected areas like... | lining compartments and passageways, including body cavities, heart chambers, blood vessels, intestinal lining, and gas-exchange surfaces of lungs
🗑
|
||||
| In this type of epithelium, several layers of cells cover the basement membrane | Stratified epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Where might stratified epithelium be found? | areas exposed to mechanical or chemical stress, like surface of skin and lining of mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape: thin flat irregular cells that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle | squamous
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: Body's most delicate type, found in alveoli and lining of heart and blood vessels | Simple squamous
🗑
|
||||
| Simple squamous epithelium that lines the ventral body cavities | mesothelium; including pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
🗑
|
||||
| Simple squamous epithelial lining of inner surface of heart and blood vessels | endothelium
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: generally located where mechanical stresses are severe, like skin, and lining of mouth, esophagus, and anus | stratified squamous
🗑
|
||||
| Apical layers of exposed epithelial cells are packed with filaments of protein called... | keratin
🗑
|
||||
| Keratinized epithelium has these charachteristics: | tough and water resistent
🗑
|
||||
| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia are situated in these places: | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption take place like in portions of kidney tubules | Simple cuboidal
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: located along ducts of sweat glands and larger ducts of mammary glands | stratified cuboidal
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape: sometimes appear plump and cuboidal, sometimes appear flat and stratified. located in regions of the urinary system | Transitional
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape: densely packed hexagonal cells with elongated nuclei crowded into a narrow band near the basement nuclei | Columnar
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: Typically found where absorption or secretion occurs, such as in the small intestine and stomach, protecting against chemical stress | simple columnar epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: located in portions of the respiratory tract, includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions with varied distances between nuclei and exposed surface | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| What keeps pseudostratified cells from being truly stratified? | every cell contacts the basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: line most of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and portions of male reproductive tract | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Give shape and type: protect along portions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and some large excretory ducts. | Stratified columnar epithelia
🗑
|
||||
| In stratified columnar epithelia with more than two layers, which cells are columnar? | ONLY the superficial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Glands that release secretions into interstitial fluid | endocrine glands (endo=inside)
🗑
|
||||
| Glands that release secretions into passages called ducts that open onto epithelial surface | exocrine (exo=outside)
🗑
|
||||
| These fluids are released directly into the surrounding interstitial fluid | endocrine secretions, aka hormones
🗑
|
||||
| Another word for endocrine glands | ductless glands
🗑
|
||||
| Exocrine glands produce this fluid, which is discharged onto an epithelial surface through a duct. Name it and give 2 examples | exocrine secretions (milk, sweat, digestive enzymes, tears)
🗑
|
||||
| Method of exocrine secretion in which exocytosis releases product, such as mucin, which mixes with water to form mucus. Also forms saliva and sweat. | Merocrine secretion (think of the M's - merocrine secretion makes mucin which makes mucus)
🗑
|
||||
| Method of exocrine secretion in which cytoplasm is lost as the apex of a cell becomes packed with secretory vesicles, and then is shed. | Apocrine secretion (Think of a's - apex)
🗑
|
||||
| Method of exocrine secretion destroys the cell, which becomes entirely packed with products then bursts | holocrine secretion
🗑
|
||||
| Type of exocrine secretion in which watery solutions and enzymes are produced, as in parotid salivery glands | Serous glands
🗑
|
||||
| Type of exocrine secretion in which mucins are produced, as in sublingual salivary and submucosal glands of intestines. | Mucous glands
🗑
|
||||
| Type of exocrine secretion in which contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different exocrine secretions, as in submandibular salivary glands | Mixed exocrine glands
🗑
|
||||
| Structure of exocrine glands where independent, scattered gland cells produce exocrine secretions | Unicellular glands
🗑
|
||||
| Structure of exocrine glands where glandular epithelia and aggregations of glands produce exocrine or endocrine secretions | Multicellular glands
🗑
|
||||
| The only unicellular exocrine glands in the body, which secrete mucins | Goblet cells, or mucous cells
🗑
|
||||
| Name the 2 places goblet cells are found? | Among the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea, and the columnar epithelium of the intestines
🗑
|
||||
| The simplest multicellular exocrine gland, in which gland cells form an epithelium that releases secretions into an inner compartment | secretory sheet
🗑
|
||||
| Where are secretory sheets found? | lining the stomach, or set back from epithelial surface from which secretions travel through ducts to the surface
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between simple and compound ducts? | Simple do not divide, compound divide one or more times
🗑
|
||||
| Glands whose cells form tubes | tubular, may be straight or coiled
🗑
|
||||
| Glands whose cells form blind pockets | alveolar (sac), acinar (chamber)
🗑
|
||||
| Term referring to several secretory areas sharing a duct | Branched
🗑
|
||||
| Word meaning duct that divides one or more times | compound
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between the terms compound and branched? | Compound is a dividing DUCT. Branched refers to multiple GLANDS being served by one duct.
🗑
|
||||
| Tissue responsible for connecting epithelial tissue to the rest of the body, as well as forming bone, fat, and blood | connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What are three functions of the connective tissue? | Provide structure, store energy reserves, transport materials through body, protect organs, defend body against microbes, transporting fluids and dissolved materials
🗑
|
||||
| The extracellular fibers together with ground substance constitute connective tissue's... | matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Category of connective tissue with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance | Connective tissue proper
🗑
|
||||
| Give an example of loose connective tissue proper | adipose, aerolar, reticular. Mucous in embryos.
🗑
|
||||
| Give an example of dense connective tissue proper | tendons, ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| Category of connective tissue with distinctive cells suspended in watery matrix containing dissolved proteins | Fluid connective tissues
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of fluid connective tissues? | blood and lymph
🗑
|
||||
| Category of connective tissue with densely packed fibers and less diverse cells | Supporting connective tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Two types of supporting connective tissue | cartilage (gel with fiber) and bone (calcified with mineral deposits)
🗑
|
||||
| Only cell always present in connective tissue proper, secrete hyaluronan and proteins, which together with extracellular fluid make ground substance viscous | Fibroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Spindle shaped cells that maintain connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper | Fibrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| AKA fat cells, contains enormous vacuole or lipid droplet which squeezes organelles and cytoplasm to one side. Found in hypodermos | Adipocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Stem cells present in many connective tissues, respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that then differentiate | mesenchymal cells
🗑
|
||||
| Large amoeboid cells scattered through the matrix, engulfing damaged cells or pathogens. Important in mobilizing defenses by releasing "attack" chemicals | Macrophage
🗑
|
||||
| Small, mobile connective tissue cells that are common near blood vessels containing histamine and heparin | Mast cells and basophils
🗑
|
||||
| released after injury or infection, these chemicals stimulate local inflammation | Histamine
🗑
|
||||
| travel through tissues and increase in numbers whenever tissue damage occurs | lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Lymphocytes may develop into these cells, which produce antibodies | plasma cells
🗑
|
||||
| Phagocytic blood cells that move through connective tissues and are attracted to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells | Microphages
🗑
|
||||
| Two types of microphage | neutrophil and eosinophil
🗑
|
||||
| synthesize and store malanin, common in epithelium of skin and eye tissues | Melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue fiber that is long, straight, unbranched, flexible, non stretchin. Make up tendons and ligaments | Collagen fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue fiber that is thin, BRANCHING, interwoven, tough and flexible, make up parenchyma of organs that stabilize them | reticular fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue fiber that is branched, wavy, not very strong, very flexible and stretchable and make up ligaments that interconnect vertebrae | Elastic fibers
🗑
|
||||
| embryonic connective tissue made up of star shaped stem cells separated by a matrix with very fine protein filaments | Mesenchyme
🗑
|
||||
| Loose connective tissue of embryo and umbilical cord | Mucous connective tissue, or wharton's jelly
🗑
|
||||
| Type of connective tissue that is considered "packing materials" that fill space, cushion and stabilize cells, and support epithelia | Loose connective tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Type of connective tissue that's loose, irregular, with open framework. Return to original shape after pressured. Separate skin from deeper structures. Contain capillaries. | Areolar tissue (loose irregular)
🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue containing lots of adipocytes | adipose tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Type of adipose tissue most common in adults | white fat
🗑
|
||||
| Type of adipose tissue that is highly vascularized and contains numerous mitochondria responsible for warming little bodies | brown fat
🗑
|
||||
| Loose connective tissue in spleen and liver, produces stroma that supports parenchyma of these organs | reticular tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Most of dense connective tissues is occupied by fibers, and the most abundant is... | collagen
🗑
|
||||
| In tendons and ligaments, collagen fibers are parallel to each other, tightly packed, and aligned with the force applied to the tissue. This is an example of... | Dense regular connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| A tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones in skull, lower back, abdomen, hands, feet. | aponeurosis
🗑
|
||||
| Type of connective tissue that forms around bones, cartilage, and organs, is in skin, and is very strong | Dense irregular connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Name for dense irregular connective tissue surrounding organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen, and joint cavities | capsule
🗑
|
||||
| type of dense regular tissue dominated by elastic fibers that stabilize positions of vertebrae of spinal column | elastic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Watery matrix of blood | plasma
🗑
|
||||
| Cells and cell fragments of blood (red, white, and platelets) | formed elements
🗑
|
||||
| Where do lymphatic vessels ultimately return lymph? | veins near the heart
🗑
|
||||
| Matrix of cartilage is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives or mucopolysaccharides called... | chondroitin sulfates
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage cells | chondrocytes
🗑
|
||||
| small chambers occupied by chondrocytes | lacunae (means lakes)
🗑
|
||||
| Avascular connective tissue | cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Why do blood vessels not grow into cartilage? | Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor, which is being tested as a potential anticancer agent
🗑
|
||||
| Made up of fibrous dense outer layer and inner cellular layer, this surrounds the chondroitin in cartilage | Perichondrium
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage growth method where chondrocytes in cartilage undergo cell division, enlarging cartilage from within. Ends in adolescence | interstitial growth
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage growth where new layers are added to the surface, innermost cells differentiate into chondrocytes which produce matrix. Occurs due to damage or GH stimulation | appositional growth
🗑
|
||||
| Type of cartilage most common in body, surrounded by dense perichondrium found in rib connections, nasal cartilage, articulating joints | Hyaline cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Type of cartilage that is extremely resilient and flexible, found in outer ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, cuneiform (larynx) | Elastic cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Type of cartilage that has little ground substance, has dense collagen fibers, and is found in pads between vertebrae, between pubic bones, around tendons, and around/within joints like the knee | Fibrocartilage
🗑
|
||||
| histolotical title for bone | osseous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 2 composites of osseous tissue matrix? | (2/3) calcium salts and collagen fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Lacunae of bone tissue contain... | osteocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Long slender passageways in bone matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with blood vessels | canaliculi
🗑
|
||||
| What covers bone? | hyaline cartilage at joints, periosteum over the rest
🗑
|
||||
| types of fibers | collagenous, elastic, reticular
🗑
|
||||
| Avascular tissue | Epithelial and cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Most prevalent cell type in connective tissue | fibroblast, which produces collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between a chondroblast and a chondrocyte? | When the chondroblast is completely enclosed in a lacuna, it cannot secrete anymore and becomes a chondrocyte. blast=secrete chondroitin
🗑
|
||||
| Name the two types of living cells in cartilage and give their role | Fibroblasts (secrete elastic) and chondrocytes (secrete chondroitin)
🗑
|
||||
| What is different between elastic and hyaline cartilage? | It's got elastic fibers in the chondroitin that make it more flexible
🗑
|
||||
| What is different between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage? | fibrocartilage has collagen fibers instead of elastic fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Where do you find dense, or compact, bone? | in the shaft of long bones
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the osteon? | to make sure the bones get nutrients they need
🗑
|
||||
| What do osteocytes secrete? | Nothing. They are in a full lacuna. Before, when they had room, they were osteoblasts which secreted Ca salts.
🗑
|
||||
| What do osteoclasts do? | Break bone down, shape bone
🗑
|
||||
| Most long bones are derived from... | Cartilagenous structures
🗑
|
||||
| Where is loose irregular connective tissue found? | hypodermis, fascia around muscles
🗑
|
||||
| where do you find hyaline cartilage? | articular + costal cartilage, trachea, bronchi
🗑
|
||||
| types of nonliving matrix in cartilage | Chondroitin, possibly elastin and/or collagen
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Haversian canal? | The central osteonic canal in the center of an osteon
🗑
|
||||
| bone cell that is multinucleate because of all the enzymes they have to secrete | osteoclast
🗑
|
||||
| Where are the branching reticular fibers found? | lymph nodes, spleen
🗑
|
||||
| Which fiber usually stains black? Purple? | Black: Elastin Purple: Collagen
🗑
|
||||
| What are the concentric rings around the central canal called? | lamella
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
jenissing
Popular Medical sets