Reverse defs
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| sinus | A bone cavity
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| osteoma | A bone tunour
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| fascicle | A bundle of muscle fibres
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| osteoblast | A cell in the bone marrow that produces bone
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| osteoclast | A cell in the bone marrow that reabsorbs bone
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| periosteum | A dense fibrous membrane that covers the surface of the bone and contains blood vessels, lymphs and nerves
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| spina bifida | A genetic disorder that results in malformation of the spine due to imperfect joining of vertebrae
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| tuberosity | A large, rounded elevation from the surface of a bone
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| sternocleidomastoid | A muscle of the chest arising from the sternum and inner part of the clavicle
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| condyle | A rounded process at the end of a bone that forms an articultation
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| ribs | A series of twelve pair of curved bones attached to the vertebral column which provides protection for internal organs
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| tubercle | A small, rounded elevation from the surface of the bone
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| tendon | A strap composed of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
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| crest | A type of bone process that has a large ridge shape
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| trochanter | A very large bony protection
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| lordosis | Abnormal inward curvature of the spine
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| Scoliosis | Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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| irregular bones | All other bones that cannot be grouped under other headings
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| kyphosis | An exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic vertebrae
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| foramen | An opening in the bone for passage of blood vessels and nerves
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| appendage | Any body part attached to the main structure
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| spondylolisthesis | Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebrae from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
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| casting | Application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a body part to immobilize it during the healing porcess
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| splinting | Application of an orthopedic device to an injured body part for immobilization, stabilization, and protection during the healing process
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| ligament | Band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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| pelvis | Basin-shaped structure that supports the sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder and other soft organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| osteoporosis | Bone pores or cavities resulting from a decrease in bone density
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| short bones | Bones that are as wide as they are long
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| osteophyte | Boney outgrowth that occasionally developes on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord also called bone spur
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| sternum | Breast bone/chest plate
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| syndactylism | Condition of fingers and toes being joined together
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| talipes equinovarus | Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
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| appendicular skeleton | Consists of bones of the shoulders, hips, upper and lower extremeties
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| axial skeleton | Consists of the bones of the skull, thorax and vertebral column
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| musculoskeletal system | Consists of the bones, joints, and muscles, which provide the body with support, protection and the ability to move
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | Decrease pain and suppress inflammation
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| flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint
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| spondylosis | Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
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| crepitation | Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indication a fracture of joint destruction
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| hemarthrosis | Effusion of blood into a joint cavity
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| dorsiflexion | Elevates the foot
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| sequestrectomy | Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
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| synovectomy | Excision of a synovial membrane
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| bursectomy | Excision of bursa (pad like sac or cavity found in conncective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
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| metacarpectomy | Excision of the bones of the hand
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| laminectomy | Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae
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| contracture | Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
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| podiatry | Foot treatment
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| rickets | Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
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| long bones | Found in the extremeties of the body
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| bone marrow | Found within larger bones; responsible for the production of blood cells
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| sequestrum | Fragmrnt of necrosed bone that has become separated from the surrouonding tissue
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| arthrodesis | Fusion/stabalization or binding of a joint
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| compact bone | Hard, outer layer of bone
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| myelocele | Hernia of the spinal cord
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| computed tomography | Imaging technique that uses an x-ray beam and a computer to make a series of cross-sectional images of a body part, which together make up a three-dimensional view of the area scanned; formerly called computerized axial tomography
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| synarthrosis | Immovable joints
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| bone grafting | Implanting or transplanting bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as a replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
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| exacerbation | Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms
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| extension | Increases the angle of a joint
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| arthritis | Inflammation of the joints
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| claudication | Lameness, limping
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| cruciate ligaments | Ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles
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| hypotonia | Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
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| plantar flexion | Lowers the foot (points the toes)
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| Pelvimetry | Measurement of the pelvis
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| rotation | Moves a bone around its own axis
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| abduction | Moves away from the midline
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| inversion | Moves the sole of the foot inward
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| eversion | Moves the sole of the foot outward
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| fissure | Narrow, slit-like opening
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| scintigraphy | Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide
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| meatus | Opening or passage into a bone
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | Painful conditon resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
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| paraplegia | Paralysis of lower spine, lower portion of the truck and both legs
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of the upper spine and all four extremities
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| amputation | Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to tauma or circulatory disease
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| phantom limb | Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
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| phalangeal | Pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes
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| femorotibial | Pertaining to the femur and the tibia
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| articular | Pertaining to the rounded end of a bone
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| carpal | Pertaining to the wrist
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| substernal | Pertaining to under the sternum
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| articulation | Place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint
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| multiple myeloma | Primary malignant tumour that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow
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| bones | Principle organs of support and protection in the body
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| reduction | Procedure that restores a bone it its normal position
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| hematopoiesis | Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
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| flat bones | Provide a broad surface for muscular attachment and protection for internal organs
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| arthrocentesis | Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
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| bone density test (BDT) | Radiographic procedures that use low-energy
x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density
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| head | Prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone
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| lumbosacral spinal radiography | Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
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| myelography | Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumours, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks or other lesions
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| discography | Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures by injecting a contrast medium
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| open reduction | Reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing the bones in their proper position using surgery
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| closed reduction | Reduction procedure where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
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| muscle tissue | REfers to all of the contractile tissue of the bodys two main types are voluntary and involuntary
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| salicylates | Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
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| skeletal muscle relaxants | Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
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| prosthesis | Replacement of a missing part by an artificial subsitute, such as an artificial extremity
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| bone revision surgery | Revision surgery are often required to correct bone infection, misalignments of bones, broken prosthesis and fractures of the bone around the protheses
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| intervertebral disks | Round structure with gelatinous mass in the center that separates the vertebrae
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| foramen | Rounded opening through bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves
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| condyle of the humerus | Rounded, articulating knob
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| bone scintigraphy | Scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone
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| arthrography | Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
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| cancellous | Spongy or porous structure, as found at the ends of long bones
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| torticollis | Stiff neck caused by spasmotic contraction of the neck muscle
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| ankylosis | Stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery or abnormal bone fusion
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| muscles | Structures that contract providing movement of the bone
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| revision surgery | Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prosthesis
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| arthroclasia | Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to to provide movement
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| patellapexy | Surgical fixation of the kneecap
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| Total hip replacement | Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
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| sprain | Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate or complete
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| voluntary | That which is done with control. Usually a striated muscle such as the biceps
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| involuntary | That which occurs with no discrtionary control. Usually a visceral muscle
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| fracture | The breakage of a bone due to trauma or disease
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| thorax | The chest area
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| epiphysis | The end or extremity of the bone
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| atlas | The first cervical vertebra which supports the skull
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| sacrum | The five sacral vertebrae which are fused into a single bone
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| lumbar vertebrae | The five vertebrae situated in the lower back which carry most of the weight of the torso
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| latissimus dorsi | The large muscle of the back
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| gluteus maximus | The large muscle of the buttocks
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| ilium | The lateral flaring portion of the hip bone; upper of three parts of the hip
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| ischium | The lower part of the hip bone
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| agonist | The muscle(s) that produces the movement
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| antagonist | The muscle(s) that relaxes in order to allow a movement
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| joints | The place(s) at which twoo bones meet
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| axis | The second cervical vertebra which provides rotation of the skull
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| cervical vertebrae | The seven vertebrae which form the skeletal framework of the neck
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| diaphysis | The shaft of long main portion of the bone
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| coccyx | The tail of the vertevral column consisting of four or five fused vertebrae (tailbone)
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| pubis | The third portion of the hipbone that is situated in front of the bladder
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| thoracic vertebrae | The twelve vertebrae which support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs
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| vertebrae | The twenty-six bones which make up the adult vertebral column
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| osteoclasis | To break a bone for theraputic purposes
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| strain | To exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular
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| calcium supplements | Treat and prevent hypocalcemia
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| gold salts | Treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system
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| ganglion cyst | Tumour of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist
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| pronation | Turns the palm down
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| supination | Turns the palm up
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| electromyography | Use of electrical stimulation to record the strength ofo muscle contraction
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| traction | Use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facillitate the healing process
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| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiber optic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiber optic light and a miniature camera that projects images on a monitor
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