Psychology Wood Wood & Boyd Ch. 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Sensation | The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
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| Perception | The process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information
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| Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
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| Difference Threshold | A measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus that is required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time
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| Weber's Law | The law stating that the just noticeable difference (JND) for all the senses depends on a proportion or percentage of change in stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
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| Transduction | the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impulses
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| Cornea | The tough, transparent, protective layer that covers the front of the eye and bends light rays inward through the pupil
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| Lens | The transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and the pupil that changes shape as it focuses on objects at varying distances
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| Retina | The layer of the tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision
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| Rods | The light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders and allow the eye to respond to as few as five photons
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| Cones | The light sensitive cells in the retina that enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light but do not function in very dim light
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| Trichromatic Theory | The theory of color vision suggesting that three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors - blue, green, or red
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| Opponent-process Theory | The theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present
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| Color Blindness | The inability to distinguish certain colors from one another
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| Kinesthetic Sense | The sense providing information about in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts
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| Gestalt | A german word that roughly refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration that a person perceives
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| Synesthesia | The capacity for responding to stimuli simultaneously with normal and unusual perceptions
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| Subliminal perception | The capacity to percieve and respond to stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | Gaining information about objects, events, or another person's thoughts through some means other than the known sensory channels
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| Myopia | nearsighted
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| Presbyopia | Farsighted
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| Sensory Receptors | highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli and transduce (convert) the stimuli into neural impulses
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| Sensory Adaptation | The process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time
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| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | The smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time
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| Vestibular Sense | The sense that detects movement and provides information about the body's orientation in space
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| Gate-control Theory | that an area in the spinal cord can act like a gate and either block pain messages or transmit them to the brain
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| Who came up with the Gate-control Theory? | Melzack and Wall
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| Figure-ground | the figure often seems to stand out from the ground
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| Similarity | Objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as a unit
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| Proximity | Objects that are close together in space or time are usually perceived as belonging together
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| Continuity | We tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern
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| Closure | We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete
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| Cross-modal perception | a process whereby the brain integrates information from more than one sense
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| Depth perception | The ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions and to judge distances accurately
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| Size constancy | as objects move farther away you continue to perceive them as being about the same size
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| Shape constancy | the tendency to perceive objects as having a stable or unchanging shape, regardless of changes in the retinal image resulting from differences in viewing angle
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| Telepathy | gaining awareness of the thoughts, feelings, or activities of another person without the use of senses
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| Clairvoyance | gaining information about objects or events without the use of the senses
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| Precognition | refers to an awareness of an event before it occurs
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| Ganzfield procedure | a study design in which two individuals, a sender and a receiver are placed in separate rooms and try to send messages without using senses
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