Micro Ch3 Cell Structure and Function (ORGANELLES)
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| These microbes lack a nucleus | Prokaryotes
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| Which is larger, the prokaryote or eukaryote? | Eukaryote (prokaryote = little guy, ~1.0micrometer)
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| These microbes are prokaryotic | bacteria and archaea
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| These microbes have a nucleus | Eukaryotes
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| Which microbe lacks internal membrane-bound (phospholipid enclosed) organelles? | Prokaryotes
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| These microbes are eukaryotic | Algae, protozoa, fungi
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| Word means "sugar cup" and refers to the gelatinous, sticky substance composed of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that make up biofilms surrounding bacteria and archaea | Glycocalyces
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| What are the 2 types of glycocalyces that bacteria cells have? | Capsule, firmly attached to cell surface and may prevent recognition, Slime Layer, water soluble and allows adherence to surfaces
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| Long protein structure responsible for propulsion of some bacterial cells including H. pylori. | Flagella
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| Portion of the flagella that is made of proteins called flagellin | Filament (tail part)
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| Portion of the flagella that connects the filament to the cell | Hook
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| Portion of the flagella that anchors it to the cell wall | Basal body
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| Term meaning single (polar) flagellum extending from one end of cell | monotrichous
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| means single (polar) flagellum extending from each end of cell | Amphitrichous
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| Means multiple flagella (tufts) extending from one or both ends of cell | Lophotrichous
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| multiple flagella randomly distributed over entire surface of cell | Peritrichous
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| The clockwise motion of peritrichous bacteria causes what kind of motion | "Tumble"
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| The counteRclockwise motion of peritrichous bacteria causes what motion? | "Run" (think counteRclockwise R=Run)
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| A toxic chemotaxi will repel motile bacteria. Name some attractants. | nutrients, phototaxi, aerotaxi, magnetotaxis, thermotaxis.
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| Component of axial filament that rotates around a cell causing corkscrew motion as in spirochete | Endoflagella
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| Bacteria have these, shorter and thinner than flagella but otherwise similar in structure, these structures help a bacteria adhere, move, or conjugate | Pili
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| When a bacteria's rodlike protein extensions are sticky, bristlelike for adherence, they're called... | fimbriae (Fim-bree-E)
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| An F pilis has the mechanism of... | conjugation and DNA transfer (minute genetic transfer)
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| Bacterial cell structure responsible for structure, shape, protection from osmotic forces. | Cell Wall
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| What are bacterial cell walls made up of? | peptidoglycan
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| What are the two basic types of bacterial cell wall? | Gram+ and Gram-
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| What is peptidoglycan made up of? | Alternating series of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid joined by tetrapeptide (4 amino acids) to form glycan chain
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| Which type of bacterial cell walls have the unique polyalcohol called teichoic acid? | Gram Positive
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| What color do Gram positive cells stain? | Purple
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| Acid-fast bacteria may be up to 60% of this substance which helps protect it | mycolic acid
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| What color do Gram negative cells stain? | Pink
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| Which type of cell wall is thick made up of multiple layers of peptidoglycan? | Gram Positive
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| Gram negative bacteria have a bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan membrane. What's in there? | Periplasm includes peptidoglycan, outermembrane contains protein and phospholipids tail-to-tail with lipopolysaccharides
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| The LPS layer of the membrane allows small molecules or ions to pass through channels called | porins
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| LPS has one side that is directed away from the membrane, and is used to identify certain species or strains like E.coli | O-specific polysaccharide side chain
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| LPS has a portion that anchors into the lipid bilayer and plays a role in recognition of infection | Lipid A
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| This effects peptidoglycan by preventing cross-linking of glycan chains and is more effective in Gram+ bacterium | Penicillin
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| This effects peptidoglycan by breaking NAG and NAM links in the cell wall | Lysozyme
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| Has no cell wall, has a plasma membrane, causes mild pneumonia, strong membrane due to sterols. | Mycoplasma
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| Why can a steroid go through a cell membrane? | it's very nonpolar, like the inside of the phospholipid bilayer
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| What is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria? | Harvest light
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| Because bacteria don't have mitochondria or chloroplasts, where is energy stored? | in the cytoplasmic membrane
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| Name 3 passive processes of transport across a cytoplasmic membrane | Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, osmosis
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| passive transport through a nonspecific channel protein or a permease specific for one chemical is called... | facilitated diffusion
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| Passive transport of particles through the phospholipid bilayer | Diffusion
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| Passive transport of water through a specific channel protein or the phospholipid bilayer | Osmosis
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| Liquid portion of cytoplasm | Cytosol
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| deposits of chemicals that are not currently being used | inclusion
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| unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defense strategy against unfavorable conditions | endospores
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| In the formation of an endospore, what happens to the mother (vegetative) cell's DNA? | it breaks down
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| Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles? | NO
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| Where is protein synthesized in bacteria? | Ribosomes (RNA's and proteins)
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| In bacteria or archaea, what are the names of the small and large subunits called? What about when the subunits combine to transport mRNA? | Small=30s, large=50s, combined=70s
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| In eukaryotes, what are the names of the small and large subunits called? What about when the subunits combine to transport mRNA? | Small=40s, large=60s, combined=80s
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| What is the role of cytoskeleton in bacteria? | forming basic shape of cell
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| Biofilms are slimy masses of microbes adhering to substrate by means of... | Glycocalyces and fimbriae
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| Archaea have bristlelike and has adhesions for the purpose of attachment, it is called a ... | fimbriae or Hami (grappling hooks)
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| What are archaea cell walls made up of? | specialized polysaccharides and proteins, NOT peptidoglycan
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| List the 4 requirements of living things | Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Metabolism
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| these two organelles play a role in mitosis and cytokinesis, formation of flagella and cilia | Centrioles (which are in the centrosome)
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| Eukaryotic organelle that has two phospholipid bilayer membranes and is much like a bacteria in that it has 70s ribosomes, single strand of circular DNA | Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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| Theory that eukaryotes formed from a union of a small aerobic prokaryote and a larger anaerobic prokaryote, and the little one became an organelle in the big one | Endosymbiotic theory
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| Name the scientist who dismissed the idea that organic chemicals are formed only by living things by synthesizing urea | Friedrich Wohler 1828
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| Name the four processes possessed by all living things | Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Metabolism
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| True or false: an organism will exhibit all life processes at all times | False, for example an organism isn't necessarily reproducing at all times
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| Life process described as increasing in size | growth
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| Life process described as increasing in number | reproduction
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| Life process described as the ability to change internal and/or internal properties in reaction to changing conditions around or within them | Responsiveness
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| Life process described as the ability to take in nutrients and use them in controlled chemical reactions to provide the energy needed for the other life processes. | Metabolism
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| Type of responsiveness that makes some organisms able to move toward or away from environmental stimuli | taxis
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| Storage of metabolic energy unique to living things | ATP triphosphate bonds
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| Name the two biologists who developed that theory that all living things are composed of cells | Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden ~1840
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| There are two domains of Prokaryotic organisms. What are they? | Archaea and Bacteria
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| Capsules and slime layers protect cells from desiccation, which means | drying
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| What powers the rotation of bacterial flagella? | the flow of hydrogen or sodium ions near in the cytoplasmic membrane near the basal body
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| term for spherical cells | cocci
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| rod shaped cells | bacilli
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| Chain of cells | strep
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| cluster of cells | staph
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| cuboid group of cells | sarcinae
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| Bacterial cell walls are composed of... | Peptidoglycan, a complex polysaccharide composed of regularly alternating sugar molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid
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| The NAG and NAM chains are attached by crossbridges of 4 amino acids, called... | tetrapeptides, the "peptido" portion of peptidoglycan (remember peptide bond is how aminos link to make proteins)
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| Name 2 reasons Gram-positive cells dye purple | The thick cell wall retains violet dye, and Teichoic acids negatively charge the membrane allowing the dye to pass through the wall
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| Which has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan? | Gram positive (Gram negative have a thin layer of peptidoglycan)
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| The inner leaflet of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells is phospholipids and proteins, the outer leaflet is... | lipopolysacchrides
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| The integral proteins that form chanels through the outer membrane of G- cells are called... | porins
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| It was once believed that Lipid A was inside G- cells. When the cells die they can cause fever, vasodilation, shock, blood clotting. It's called an... | endotoxin
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| Why is penicillin ineffectual against many G- pathogens? | The outer membrane blocks it
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| From inside to outside, name the 3 main layers of the G- cell. | Cytoplasmic membrane (made up of phospholipid bilayer), periplasmic space (with internal peptidoglycan layer), outer membrane of cell wall (Phospholipids/LPS).
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| A phospholipid molecule is bipolar. Which end is hydrophilic, or attracted to water? | The head. The tails are hydrophobic
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| Movement across the cytoplasmic membrane not requiring energy | passive
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| The difference in concentration of a chemical on two sides of a membrane | concentration gradient
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| The voltage across a membrane | electrical membrane
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| Describe the electrical gradient of a cell | interior is negative due to negative proteins, exterior is positive due to sodium cations, therefore cations are attracted
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| What provides the energy required for diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis? | Electrochemical gradient
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| Net movement of a chemical DOWN its concentration gradient (high>low) requiring no energy | Diffusion
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| Name 2 things that can freely diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane | Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, alcohol, fatty acid
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| The use of proteins as channels or carriers to allow molecules to diffuse down (high>low) their concentration gradients. | Facilitated diffusion
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| For what types of molecules does diffusion have to be facilitated? | Large or electrically charged
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| Facilitated diffusion that are specific, carrying only certain substrates with specific binding site uses what type of channel proteins? | permeases
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| Refers to a situation in which neither side of a selectively permeable membrane experiences a net gain or loss of water | isotonic
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| In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the higher concentration of solute | hypERtonic
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| In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the lower concentration of solute | hypOtonic
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| In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the lower solution of water | hypERtonic - lower water means higher solute
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| If a cell is placed in a hypERtonic solution, what will happen to it? | Crenation - the solution is too salty, so all the water moves out, wrinkling the cell
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| If a cell is placed in a hypOtonic solution, what will happen to it? | Swell or burst - because the solution isn't salty, it will move into the cell, where there is salt, and it will get too full
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| Use of permease proteins as gated channels or ports that are controlled by opening or closing by expending ATP when a particular substance is needed | Active transport
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| A permease that transports one substance at a time | uniport
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| A permease that simultaneously transports two chemicals in opposite directions at the same time | antiports
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| A permease that moves two substances together in the same direction by means of a single carrier protein | symports
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| A symport and an antiport working together using one chemical's electrochemical gradient to provide energy to transport a second chemical | coupled transport (you use a couple of ports)
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| An active process in some bacteria where the substance being transported is chemically changed during transportation | Group translocation
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| A very efficient method of moving substances into a cell in which an altered substance is trapped inside the cell | Group translocation
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| Gelatinous material inside the cell | Cytoplasm
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| Composition of cytoplasm | cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, often a cytoskeleton, sometimes an endospore
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| Liquid portion of cytoplasm | cytosol
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| region of a prokaryotic cell containing DNA | nucleoid (not phospholipid-membrane bound)
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| reserve deposits of lipids, phosphate, sulfur, sometimes surrounded in polypeptide membrane | inclusion
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| a lipid that causes inclusion granules that can be used as biodegradable plastic | polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
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| inclusion in many aquatic cyanobacteria that allows it to buoy to the surface | gas vesicles
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| Name the 2 bacteria noted for their ability to produce endospores | Bacillus and Clostridium
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| Process of endospore formation | sporulation
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| Describe prokaryotic ribosomes | 70s made up of 30s with polypeptides and 1rRNA and 50s with polypeptides and 2rRNA
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| internal network of fibers that play a role in forming the basic shape of bacteria | Cytoskeleton
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| Do archaea with capsules or biofilms cause disease? | No, no archaeon has been shown conclusively to be pathogenic
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| structures that are similar but don't come from a common ancestor | analogous structures (archaea and bacteria have analogous flagella)
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| Eukaryotic membrane assemblages of lipids and proteins that remain together and do not flow independently amidst other membrane components | membrane rafts
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| physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton to form a pseudopod around a substance, then bringing it into the cell. Done by eukaryotes. | Endocytosis
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| Endocytosis of a solid | phagocytosis
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| Endocytosis of a liquid | pinocytosis
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| Nutrients are enclosed in this after endocytosis | food vesicles
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| streaming of cytoplasm into a pseudopod for locomotion of eukaryotes | amoeboid action
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| The opposite of endocytosis, exporting substances from a cell | exocytosis
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| shorter hairlike structures on eukaryotes composed of 9+2 pairs of microtubles in shaft and 9+0 triplets in basal bodies | Cilia (the numbers are the same for eukaryotic flagella)
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| Describe eukaryotic ribosomes | 80s, made up of 60s and 40s
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| Eukaryotic cell internal network of fibers and tubules anchoring organelles with a role in cytoplasmic streaming and movement of organelles | Cytoskeleton
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| Animal and some fungal cells contain these organelles which function in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia | Centrioles in a Centrosome
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| The "control center" of the eukaryotic cell | nucleus
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| Semiliquid matrix of the nucleus | Nucleoplasm
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| specialized region(s) where RNA is synthesized | Nucleoli (Nucleolus)
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| Threadlike mass of DNA associated with histones that condense to become chromosomes | Chromatin
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| Double membrane surrounding the nucleus composed of two phospholipid bilayers | nuclear envelope
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| Proteins produced by ribosomes on this membranous organelle are inserted into the lumen for transport | Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| This membranous organelle plays a role in lipid synthesis and transport | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| This organelle receives, processes, and packages large molecules for export from the cell | Golgi body
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| membranous sacs that function to store and transfer chemicles within eukaryotic cells | Vesicles and vacuoles
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| These organelles in animal cells contain catabolic enzymes that damage the cell if they are released from their packaging into the cytosol | Lysosomes
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| These vesicles derived from the ER contain oxidase and catalase, enzymes that degrade poisonous metabolic waste | Peroxisomes
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| Eukaryotic organelle with internal cristae to increase surface area, produces ATP, has its own DNA and 70s ribosomes | Mitochondria
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| Eukaryotic organelle with internal thylakoids to increase surface area, harvests light, have their own DNA and 70s ribosomes | Chloroplasts
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| Alternate to chloroplasts in some photosynthetic prokaryotes | photosynthetic lamellae
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| Who popularized the endosymbiotic theory to describe the semiautonomous nature of chloroplasts and mitochondria? | Lynn Margulis
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