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Nissing Micro Ch3
Micro Ch3 Cell Structure and Function (ORGANELLES)
Question | Answer |
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These microbes lack a nucleus | Prokaryotes |
Which is larger, the prokaryote or eukaryote? | Eukaryote (prokaryote = little guy, ~1.0micrometer) |
These microbes are prokaryotic | bacteria and archaea |
These microbes have a nucleus | Eukaryotes |
Which microbe lacks internal membrane-bound (phospholipid enclosed) organelles? | Prokaryotes |
These microbes are eukaryotic | Algae, protozoa, fungi |
Word means "sugar cup" and refers to the gelatinous, sticky substance composed of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that make up biofilms surrounding bacteria and archaea | Glycocalyces |
What are the 2 types of glycocalyces that bacteria cells have? | Capsule, firmly attached to cell surface and may prevent recognition, Slime Layer, water soluble and allows adherence to surfaces |
Long protein structure responsible for propulsion of some bacterial cells including H. pylori. | Flagella |
Portion of the flagella that is made of proteins called flagellin | Filament (tail part) |
Portion of the flagella that connects the filament to the cell | Hook |
Portion of the flagella that anchors it to the cell wall | Basal body |
Term meaning single (polar) flagellum extending from one end of cell | monotrichous |
means single (polar) flagellum extending from each end of cell | Amphitrichous |
Means multiple flagella (tufts) extending from one or both ends of cell | Lophotrichous |
multiple flagella randomly distributed over entire surface of cell | Peritrichous |
The clockwise motion of peritrichous bacteria causes what kind of motion | "Tumble" |
The counteRclockwise motion of peritrichous bacteria causes what motion? | "Run" (think counteRclockwise R=Run) |
A toxic chemotaxi will repel motile bacteria. Name some attractants. | nutrients, phototaxi, aerotaxi, magnetotaxis, thermotaxis. |
Component of axial filament that rotates around a cell causing corkscrew motion as in spirochete | Endoflagella |
Bacteria have these, shorter and thinner than flagella but otherwise similar in structure, these structures help a bacteria adhere, move, or conjugate | Pili |
When a bacteria's rodlike protein extensions are sticky, bristlelike for adherence, they're called... | fimbriae (Fim-bree-E) |
An F pilis has the mechanism of... | conjugation and DNA transfer (minute genetic transfer) |
Bacterial cell structure responsible for structure, shape, protection from osmotic forces. | Cell Wall |
What are bacterial cell walls made up of? | peptidoglycan |
What are the two basic types of bacterial cell wall? | Gram+ and Gram- |
What is peptidoglycan made up of? | Alternating series of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid joined by tetrapeptide (4 amino acids) to form glycan chain |
Which type of bacterial cell walls have the unique polyalcohol called teichoic acid? | Gram Positive |
What color do Gram positive cells stain? | Purple |
Acid-fast bacteria may be up to 60% of this substance which helps protect it | mycolic acid |
What color do Gram negative cells stain? | Pink |
Which type of cell wall is thick made up of multiple layers of peptidoglycan? | Gram Positive |
Gram negative bacteria have a bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan membrane. What's in there? | Periplasm includes peptidoglycan, outermembrane contains protein and phospholipids tail-to-tail with lipopolysaccharides |
The LPS layer of the membrane allows small molecules or ions to pass through channels called | porins |
LPS has one side that is directed away from the membrane, and is used to identify certain species or strains like E.coli | O-specific polysaccharide side chain |
LPS has a portion that anchors into the lipid bilayer and plays a role in recognition of infection | Lipid A |
This effects peptidoglycan by preventing cross-linking of glycan chains and is more effective in Gram+ bacterium | Penicillin |
This effects peptidoglycan by breaking NAG and NAM links in the cell wall | Lysozyme |
Has no cell wall, has a plasma membrane, causes mild pneumonia, strong membrane due to sterols. | Mycoplasma |
Why can a steroid go through a cell membrane? | it's very nonpolar, like the inside of the phospholipid bilayer |
What is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria? | Harvest light |
Because bacteria don't have mitochondria or chloroplasts, where is energy stored? | in the cytoplasmic membrane |
Name 3 passive processes of transport across a cytoplasmic membrane | Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
passive transport through a nonspecific channel protein or a permease specific for one chemical is called... | facilitated diffusion |
Passive transport of particles through the phospholipid bilayer | Diffusion |
Passive transport of water through a specific channel protein or the phospholipid bilayer | Osmosis |
Liquid portion of cytoplasm | Cytosol |
deposits of chemicals that are not currently being used | inclusion |
unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defense strategy against unfavorable conditions | endospores |
In the formation of an endospore, what happens to the mother (vegetative) cell's DNA? | it breaks down |
Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles? | NO |
Where is protein synthesized in bacteria? | Ribosomes (RNA's and proteins) |
In bacteria or archaea, what are the names of the small and large subunits called? What about when the subunits combine to transport mRNA? | Small=30s, large=50s, combined=70s |
In eukaryotes, what are the names of the small and large subunits called? What about when the subunits combine to transport mRNA? | Small=40s, large=60s, combined=80s |
What is the role of cytoskeleton in bacteria? | forming basic shape of cell |
Biofilms are slimy masses of microbes adhering to substrate by means of... | Glycocalyces and fimbriae |
Archaea have bristlelike and has adhesions for the purpose of attachment, it is called a ... | fimbriae or Hami (grappling hooks) |
What are archaea cell walls made up of? | specialized polysaccharides and proteins, NOT peptidoglycan |
List the 4 requirements of living things | Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Metabolism |
these two organelles play a role in mitosis and cytokinesis, formation of flagella and cilia | Centrioles (which are in the centrosome) |
Eukaryotic organelle that has two phospholipid bilayer membranes and is much like a bacteria in that it has 70s ribosomes, single strand of circular DNA | Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
Theory that eukaryotes formed from a union of a small aerobic prokaryote and a larger anaerobic prokaryote, and the little one became an organelle in the big one | Endosymbiotic theory |
Name the scientist who dismissed the idea that organic chemicals are formed only by living things by synthesizing urea | Friedrich Wohler 1828 |
Name the four processes possessed by all living things | Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Metabolism |
True or false: an organism will exhibit all life processes at all times | False, for example an organism isn't necessarily reproducing at all times |
Life process described as increasing in size | growth |
Life process described as increasing in number | reproduction |
Life process described as the ability to change internal and/or internal properties in reaction to changing conditions around or within them | Responsiveness |
Life process described as the ability to take in nutrients and use them in controlled chemical reactions to provide the energy needed for the other life processes. | Metabolism |
Type of responsiveness that makes some organisms able to move toward or away from environmental stimuli | taxis |
Storage of metabolic energy unique to living things | ATP triphosphate bonds |
Name the two biologists who developed that theory that all living things are composed of cells | Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden ~1840 |
There are two domains of Prokaryotic organisms. What are they? | Archaea and Bacteria |
Capsules and slime layers protect cells from desiccation, which means | drying |
What powers the rotation of bacterial flagella? | the flow of hydrogen or sodium ions near in the cytoplasmic membrane near the basal body |
term for spherical cells | cocci |
rod shaped cells | bacilli |
Chain of cells | strep |
cluster of cells | staph |
cuboid group of cells | sarcinae |
Bacterial cell walls are composed of... | Peptidoglycan, a complex polysaccharide composed of regularly alternating sugar molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid |
The NAG and NAM chains are attached by crossbridges of 4 amino acids, called... | tetrapeptides, the "peptido" portion of peptidoglycan (remember peptide bond is how aminos link to make proteins) |
Name 2 reasons Gram-positive cells dye purple | The thick cell wall retains violet dye, and Teichoic acids negatively charge the membrane allowing the dye to pass through the wall |
Which has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan? | Gram positive (Gram negative have a thin layer of peptidoglycan) |
The inner leaflet of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells is phospholipids and proteins, the outer leaflet is... | lipopolysacchrides |
The integral proteins that form chanels through the outer membrane of G- cells are called... | porins |
It was once believed that Lipid A was inside G- cells. When the cells die they can cause fever, vasodilation, shock, blood clotting. It's called an... | endotoxin |
Why is penicillin ineffectual against many G- pathogens? | The outer membrane blocks it |
From inside to outside, name the 3 main layers of the G- cell. | Cytoplasmic membrane (made up of phospholipid bilayer), periplasmic space (with internal peptidoglycan layer), outer membrane of cell wall (Phospholipids/LPS). |
A phospholipid molecule is bipolar. Which end is hydrophilic, or attracted to water? | The head. The tails are hydrophobic |
Movement across the cytoplasmic membrane not requiring energy | passive |
The difference in concentration of a chemical on two sides of a membrane | concentration gradient |
The voltage across a membrane | electrical membrane |
Describe the electrical gradient of a cell | interior is negative due to negative proteins, exterior is positive due to sodium cations, therefore cations are attracted |
What provides the energy required for diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis? | Electrochemical gradient |
Net movement of a chemical DOWN its concentration gradient (high>low) requiring no energy | Diffusion |
Name 2 things that can freely diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane | Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, alcohol, fatty acid |
The use of proteins as channels or carriers to allow molecules to diffuse down (high>low) their concentration gradients. | Facilitated diffusion |
For what types of molecules does diffusion have to be facilitated? | Large or electrically charged |
Facilitated diffusion that are specific, carrying only certain substrates with specific binding site uses what type of channel proteins? | permeases |
Refers to a situation in which neither side of a selectively permeable membrane experiences a net gain or loss of water | isotonic |
In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the higher concentration of solute | hypERtonic |
In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the lower concentration of solute | hypOtonic |
In unequal concentrations of solution, the one with the lower solution of water | hypERtonic - lower water means higher solute |
If a cell is placed in a hypERtonic solution, what will happen to it? | Crenation - the solution is too salty, so all the water moves out, wrinkling the cell |
If a cell is placed in a hypOtonic solution, what will happen to it? | Swell or burst - because the solution isn't salty, it will move into the cell, where there is salt, and it will get too full |
Use of permease proteins as gated channels or ports that are controlled by opening or closing by expending ATP when a particular substance is needed | Active transport |
A permease that transports one substance at a time | uniport |
A permease that simultaneously transports two chemicals in opposite directions at the same time | antiports |
A permease that moves two substances together in the same direction by means of a single carrier protein | symports |
A symport and an antiport working together using one chemical's electrochemical gradient to provide energy to transport a second chemical | coupled transport (you use a couple of ports) |
An active process in some bacteria where the substance being transported is chemically changed during transportation | Group translocation |
A very efficient method of moving substances into a cell in which an altered substance is trapped inside the cell | Group translocation |
Gelatinous material inside the cell | Cytoplasm |
Composition of cytoplasm | cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, often a cytoskeleton, sometimes an endospore |
Liquid portion of cytoplasm | cytosol |
region of a prokaryotic cell containing DNA | nucleoid (not phospholipid-membrane bound) |
reserve deposits of lipids, phosphate, sulfur, sometimes surrounded in polypeptide membrane | inclusion |
a lipid that causes inclusion granules that can be used as biodegradable plastic | polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) |
inclusion in many aquatic cyanobacteria that allows it to buoy to the surface | gas vesicles |
Name the 2 bacteria noted for their ability to produce endospores | Bacillus and Clostridium |
Process of endospore formation | sporulation |
Describe prokaryotic ribosomes | 70s made up of 30s with polypeptides and 1rRNA and 50s with polypeptides and 2rRNA |
internal network of fibers that play a role in forming the basic shape of bacteria | Cytoskeleton |
Do archaea with capsules or biofilms cause disease? | No, no archaeon has been shown conclusively to be pathogenic |
structures that are similar but don't come from a common ancestor | analogous structures (archaea and bacteria have analogous flagella) |
Eukaryotic membrane assemblages of lipids and proteins that remain together and do not flow independently amidst other membrane components | membrane rafts |
physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton to form a pseudopod around a substance, then bringing it into the cell. Done by eukaryotes. | Endocytosis |
Endocytosis of a solid | phagocytosis |
Endocytosis of a liquid | pinocytosis |
Nutrients are enclosed in this after endocytosis | food vesicles |
streaming of cytoplasm into a pseudopod for locomotion of eukaryotes | amoeboid action |
The opposite of endocytosis, exporting substances from a cell | exocytosis |
shorter hairlike structures on eukaryotes composed of 9+2 pairs of microtubles in shaft and 9+0 triplets in basal bodies | Cilia (the numbers are the same for eukaryotic flagella) |
Describe eukaryotic ribosomes | 80s, made up of 60s and 40s |
Eukaryotic cell internal network of fibers and tubules anchoring organelles with a role in cytoplasmic streaming and movement of organelles | Cytoskeleton |
Animal and some fungal cells contain these organelles which function in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia | Centrioles in a Centrosome |
The "control center" of the eukaryotic cell | nucleus |
Semiliquid matrix of the nucleus | Nucleoplasm |
specialized region(s) where RNA is synthesized | Nucleoli (Nucleolus) |
Threadlike mass of DNA associated with histones that condense to become chromosomes | Chromatin |
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus composed of two phospholipid bilayers | nuclear envelope |
Proteins produced by ribosomes on this membranous organelle are inserted into the lumen for transport | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
This membranous organelle plays a role in lipid synthesis and transport | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
This organelle receives, processes, and packages large molecules for export from the cell | Golgi body |
membranous sacs that function to store and transfer chemicles within eukaryotic cells | Vesicles and vacuoles |
These organelles in animal cells contain catabolic enzymes that damage the cell if they are released from their packaging into the cytosol | Lysosomes |
These vesicles derived from the ER contain oxidase and catalase, enzymes that degrade poisonous metabolic waste | Peroxisomes |
Eukaryotic organelle with internal cristae to increase surface area, produces ATP, has its own DNA and 70s ribosomes | Mitochondria |
Eukaryotic organelle with internal thylakoids to increase surface area, harvests light, have their own DNA and 70s ribosomes | Chloroplasts |
Alternate to chloroplasts in some photosynthetic prokaryotes | photosynthetic lamellae |
Who popularized the endosymbiotic theory to describe the semiautonomous nature of chloroplasts and mitochondria? | Lynn Margulis |