human diseases
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| Neoplasm = | new growth or formation that serves no purpose
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| Define and give characteristics of a benign tumor | excessive growth of cells that may be small or large enough to interfere with normal body functions. Remains localized as a discrete mass.
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| Define and give characteristics of a malignant tumor | invasive, grows rapidly, sometimes anaplastic, can metastasize thru blood or lymphmatic system, distorted in size, shape and structure.
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| define anaplastic | the cell has lost it's definition and can no longer resemble it's parent cell or tissue. The cells are no longer differentiated as seen in malignant neoplasm, they no longer resemble the host tissue
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| what is the most prevalent type of cancer in women? | breast cancer
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| What is the most prevalent type of cancer in men | prostate cancer
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| what is the most prevalent type of cancer amoung men younger than 40 | testicular cancer
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| The leading type of cancer death in men and women combined is? | lung cancer
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| What type of cancer is one in which the cancer cells have not yet spread from the site of the tumor? | carcinoma insitu
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| If the cancer has spread only to sites within the same region of the body, it is in the what stage? | regional stage
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| If the cancer has entered the blood stream and spread to other areas of the body, it is in the what stage? | distant stage
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| define the term carcinogen | substances or agents that increase the risk of cancer such as chemicals, toxins, tobacco, high fat-low fiber diet
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| Define the term metastasize | cancer cells that spread to another location through the circulatory system or lymphatic system
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| There is a high incidence of colon cancer in patient's that consume what type of diet? | high-fat, low fiber diet
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| What are 5 preventative measures recommended by the American Cancer Society | No tobacco use
practice sun safety
eat a healthy diet
exercise regularly
get vaccinated
avoid risky practices
practice self exams
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| What does the pap test or pap smear help to detect | cervical cancer, but will not detect ovarian cancer
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| What does the PSA test help detect in men | prostate cancer
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| What three categorizes are neoplasms classified into | benign, malignant
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| define Carcinomas | solid tumors of the epithelial tissue of external & internal body surfaces
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| define Sarcomas | arise from supportive & connective tissues such as bone, fat, muscle and cartilage
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| what is leukemia | cancer of the blood and bone marrow
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| what is lymphoma |
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| The etiology of cancer may include: | It may be genetically linked
may be linked to a virus
may be due to uncontrollable cell growth
may be due to decreased immune system
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| give 2 examples of substances or agents that may be carcinogens | chemicals, tobacco, UV rays
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| Define hyperplasia | excessive growth cells
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| define dysplasia | abnormal growth of cells
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| define carcinoma in situ mean | a cancer growth that stays in place
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| A procedure in which live tissue sample is taken for microscopic examination is called a? | biopsy
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| In which grade of cancer are the tumors cells well differentiated and in which they resemble the normal parent cells | Grade I
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| In which grade of cancer are the tumor cells so anaplastic that recognition of the original tissue is difficult | Grade IV
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| Tumors are graded on a scale of | I - IV
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| In staging neoplasms, what does the T, N, M stand for | T=size and extent of the tumor
N=number of area lymph nodes involved
M= any metastasis of the primary tumor
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| Cancer treatment usually involves an integration of various therpies? | True
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| What type of surgery is done only to relieve the patient's symptoms and not for a cure? | Palliative
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| What type of surgery is done to remove all of the cancer and hopefully cure the patient? | specific or curative
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| What type of surgery is done to prevent the development of cancer? | preventive
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| What are some side effects of radiation therapy | hair loss, redness of skin, nausea, vomiting
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| What type of therapy for cancer is aimed at enhancing the immune system's response | immunotherapy
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| what type of therapy for cancer works by adding, or blocking or removing hormones | hormonal therapy
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| A bilateral, symmetrical, non progressive paralysis resulting from developmental defects of the brain or trauma at birth is | Cerebral palsy
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| List some s/s of spastic cerebral palsy | hyperactive reflexes, rapid muscle contractions (looks like their having a seizure), muscle weakness, don't act their age
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| The etiology of CP include | maternal Rubella (German measles), maternal diabetes, anoxia (absence of oxygen), toxemia (pregnancy induced hypertension
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| What is the cure for CP | None, treatment is directed toward helping children overcome any functional or intellectual disabilities, botox may be used
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| List some preventions of CP | early prenatal care, good maternal health
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| how is Sickle cell anemia transmitted | hereditary
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| What are some S/S of Sickle cell anemia? | all individuals are anemic, attacks of intense pain in the arms, legs & abdomen, jaundice
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| How may sickle cell anemia be treated | no cure, symptomatic, analgesics, HYDRATION, bone marrow transplant, chronic transfusions may be ordered & are useful in decreasing the severity of the disease
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| What is the most common but least severe type of spina bifida | spina bifida occulta
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| what is the most severe type of nural tube defects (defects of the spine) | Myelomeningocele
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| list the 3 Neural tube defects | Spina bifida, meningocele, myelomeningocele
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| How can NTD's possibly be prevented | folic acid, & genetic counseling
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| define hydrocephalus | too much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It is congenital if it occurs before the cranial sutures have fused
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| what is the treatment of hydrocephalus | A shunt is usually placed from the affected ventricles of the brain into the peritoneal cavity or into the right atrium of the heart
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| prevention of hydrocephalus is | regular prenatal care, protect infants and children from head injury
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| What happens to the anatomy in Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) | abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea that are normally two separate canals. (liquid is passed into the lungs instead of the stomach
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| what happens to the anatomy in Esophageal atresia | the esophagus does not form completely-one connected to the throat, the other to the stomach. (infants food cannot get to the stomach
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| what are some of the S/S of TEF | frothy white bubbles in the mouth, vomiting, coughing or choking when feeding, cyanosis, difficulty breathing
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| how may TEF and esophageal atresia be treated | surgery. until surgery can be preformed the baby is fed through a stomach tube
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| What is the classic symptom of pyloric stenosis | projectile vomiting 3'-4'
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| what procedures might be done to diagnose pyloric stenosis | history and examination, (GI) xray, lab test (used to detect dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
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| describe what occurs to the anatomy in malrotation with volculus |
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| what are the S/S of the malrotation | abdominal pain causing the infant to draw up legs, vomiting bile, swollen abdomen, tachycardia, bloody stools
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| how may malrotation and volvulus be treated | surgery to untwist the intestine asap,a portion of the intestine may have to be removed if major dmg
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| Inadequate intestinal motility causing obstruction and dilation of the colon with feces can cause what condition | Hirschsprung disease (congenital aganglionic megacolon
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| Hirschsprung's disease is usually diagnosed when | infancy or early childhood
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| what medical treatment might be tried for the treatment of hirschsprung's disease |
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| what is an omphalocele | a birth defect where the intestines or other abdominal organs poke out the navel when the abdominal wall does not close properly
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| what is the treatment for omphalocele | surgery
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| Cryptorchidism is | descended testes (failure of 1 or both testes to descend)
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| what test is done to confirm cryptorchidism | serum gonadotropin test
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| how is hirschsprung's disease diagnosed | rectal biopsy, in older infants or children a barium enema xray
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| Another name for talipes is | clubfoot
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| what is the treatment of talipes | simple manipulation and casting (may be repeated several times), corrective surgery may be required,
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| how many basic types of talipes are there | 4
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| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - | a congenital disorder characterized by progressive wasting of of the skeletal muscles
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| what is the etiology of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | X-linked recessive disorder
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| S/S of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | fatique, waddling gait, toe-walking,
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| treatment options of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | orthopedics appliances, excercise, PT, surgery
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| what is the prognosis for a patient w Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | children are usually confined to a wheel chair by age 9-12 yrs, within 10-15 yrs of onset death commonly results from cardiac or respiratory complications
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| Cystic Fibrosis is a | congenital disorder of the exocrine glands
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| If both parents carry are carriers of CF , the child has what % chance of having the disease | 25%
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| list the fatal complications of CF | respiratory complications including pneumonia, emphysema, and collapsed lung (atelectasis)
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| treatment for Phenylketonuria (PKU) consist of what kind of diet | a protein-restrictive diet
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| What are some S/S of down syndrome | head is smaller and abnormally shaped, inner corner of eyes is rounded, ears and mouth are small
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| whats another name for down syndrome | Trisomy 21
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| how can down syndrome be diagnosed | physical appearance, blood test
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| what causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FASD) | dependance & addiction of the mother and drinking alcohol while pregnant
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| S/S of FASD | growth deficiencies, CNS difficulties, hyperactive behavior
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| a disorder of the nervous system that causes a person to make repeated involuntary sounds or tics is called | tourette syndrome
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| S/S of Tourette | facial tics, arm thrusting, throat clearing,eye blinking
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| how is tourette diagnosed | tics must begin prior to 1 year of age, tics must occur nearly everyday, several times a day for a year, no other brain problems,both motor and vocal tics must be present
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| list some treatment options for tourette | if symptoms are mild, there may be no treatment, antipsychotic meds may be used to lessen the symptoms
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