Language of Medicine 7th Edition - Chapter 2 Terminology
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| anabolism | Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials.
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| catabolism | Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy.
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| cell membrane | Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.
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| chromosomes | Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contains regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.
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| cytoplasm | All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane.
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| DNA | Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.
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| endoplasmic reticulum | Structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces. Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum.
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| genes | Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
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| karyotype | Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.
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| metabolism | The total of the chemical process in a cell. It includes both catabolism and anabolism.
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| mitochondria | Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release energy.
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| nucleus | Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.
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| cell | The fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant). Cells are everywhere in the human body--every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units.
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| ribosomes | Small granules that help the cell make proteins.
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| adipose tissue | Collection of fat cells.
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| cartilage | Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose.
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| epithelial cell | Skins cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs.
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| histologist | Specialist in the study of tissues.
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| larynx | Voice box; located at the upper part of the trachea.
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| pharynx | Throat. The pharynx is the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea).
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| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
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| thyroid gland | Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.
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| trachea | Windpipe (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes).
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| ureter | One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. Spelling clue: Ureter has two e's and there are two of them.
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| urethra | Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Spelling clue: Urethra has one e and there is only one urethra.
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| uterus | The womb. The organ that holds the embryo and fetus as it develops.
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| viscera | Internal organs.
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| abdominal cavity | Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abomen.
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| cranial cavity | Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.
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| diaphragm | Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavaties.
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| dorsal (posterior) | Pertaining to the back.
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| mediastinum | Centrally located space between the lungs.
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| pelvic cavity | Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the hip bone, which surrounds the pelvic cavity.
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| peritoneum | Membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen.
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| pleura | A double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.
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| pleural cavity | Space between the pleural membranes and surrounding each lung.
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| spinal cavity | Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal.
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| thoracic cavity | Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.
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| ventral (anterior) | Pertaining to the front.
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| abdomin/o | abdomen
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| adip/o | fat
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| anter/o | front
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| bol/o | to cast (throw)
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| cervic/o | neck (of the body or of the uterus)
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| chondr/o | cartilage (type of connective tissue)
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| chrom/o | color
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| coccyg/o | coccyx (tailbone)
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| crani/o | skull
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| dist/o | far, distant
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| dors/o | back portion of the body
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| hist/o | tissue
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| ili/o | ilium (part of the pelvic bone)
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| inguin/o | groin
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| kary/o | nucleus
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| later/o | side
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| lumb/o | lower back (side and back betwen the ribs and pelvis)
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| medi/o | middle
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| pelv/o | hip, pelvic cavity
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| poster/o | back, behind
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| proxim/o | nearest
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| sacr/o | sacrum
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| spin/o | spine, backbone
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| thel/o | nipple
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| thorac/o | chest
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| trache/o | trachea, windpipe
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| umbilic/o | navel, umbilicus
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| ventr/o | belly side of the body
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| vertebr/o | vertebrae, backbone
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| viscer/o | internal organs
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| ana- | up
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| cata- | down
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| inter- | between
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| meta- | change
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| -eal | pertaining to
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| -iac | pertaining to
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| -ior | pertaining to
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| -ism | process
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| -ose | pertaining to, full of
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| -plasm | formation
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| -somes | bodies
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| -type | picture, classification
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| hypochondriac | Upper right and left regions beneath the ribs.
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| epigastric | upper middle region above the stomach
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| lumbar | middle right and left regions near the waist
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| umbilical | Central region near the navel.
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| inguinal | Lower right and left regions near the groin. Also called iliac region.
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| hypogastric | Lower middle region below the umbilical region.
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| RUQ | right upper quadrant
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| LUQ | left upper quadrant
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| RLQ | right lower quadrant
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| LLQ | left lower quadrant
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| cervical region | neck region (C1 - C7)
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| thoracic region | chest region (T1 - T12)
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| lumbar region | Loin (waist) region (L1 - L5)
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| sacral region | region of the coccyx (tailbone)
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| vertebra | a single backbone
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| vertebrae | backbones
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| spinal column | bone tissues surrounding the spinal cavity
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| spinal cord | nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
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| disk (disc) | A pad of cartilage between vertebrae
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| anterior (ventral) | front side of the body
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| deep | away from the surface
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| distal | Far from the point of attachment fo the truck or far from the beginning of a structure.
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| frontal (coronal) plane | Vertical plane dividing the body of structure into anterior and posterior portions.
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| inferior (caudal) | below another structure
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| lateral | pertaining to the side
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| medial | pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
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| posterior (dorsal) | back side of the body
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| prone | Lying on the belly (face down, palm down)
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| proximal | near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure
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| superficial | on the surface
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| superior (cephalic) | above another structure
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| supine | Lying on the back (face up, palm up)
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| transverse (cross-sectional or axial plane) | Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
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| sagittal (lateral) plane | Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
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