Male Genital System
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| What is it called when the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis | Hypospadius
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| What is it called when the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis | Epispadias
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| Is epispadias or hypospadias more likely to be associated with defects in the urethral valve | Epispadias
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| What is it called when the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis secondary to an abnormally small prepuce orifice | Phimosis
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| What is the most common penile malformation | Phimosis
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| What is paraphimosis | When a phimotic foreskin is forcibly retractedovre the glans and cannot be restored (potential for necrosis of the penis glans and urinary retension)
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| What is Peyronie's Disease | abnormal proliferation of benign fibrous tissue within the shaft of the penis associated with curvature and pain during erection
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| What is a persistent erection of the penis due to thrombosis of the corpora cavernosa and spongiosum called | Priapism
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| What is a wart like that is often caused by HPV | Condyloma accuminatum
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| What is Condyloma lata | a form of secondary syphilis (this does appear to be different from the lesion caused by HPV)
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| You see a patient with pink-red velvety plaques on his penis... you should suspect what carcinoma in situ? | Erythroplasia of Queyra or Bowen's disease
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| What are the only carcinomas of the penis | Squamous cell type
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| What HPV viruses play a role in Squamous Cell Carcinoma formation | HPV types 16 and 18
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| What is it called when the testis fail to descend | Cryptorchidism
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| What are two important sequelae for cryptorchidism | failure of spermatogenesis and increased risk for the development of germ cell testicular tumors
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| You have a young child with excruciating testicular pain following physical activity what should you think of? | Testicular torsion
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| What is it called when there is an abnormal enlargement of the venous vascular plexus within the spermatic cord | Varicocele
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| What is a hydrocele? | Serous fluid in tunica vaginalis
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| What is a spermatocele? | cystic dilation of epididymis (contains motile sperm)
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| When do most germ cell tumors develop | most develop postpuberty, during late adolescence or early adulthood
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| what is the most common germ cell tumor of the testis | seminoma (35-70%)
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| How sensitive are seminomas to radiation | very (5-year survival is 90-95%)
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| Gross appearance of a seminoma | yellow to tan with little or no necrosis
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| Gross appearance of embryonal carcinoma | hemorrhagic and necrotic
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| how responsive are embryonal carcinomas to radiation | unlike seminomas these are not as responsive to radiation but the have a 95% + cure rate due to newer chemotherapies
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| A yolk sac tumor is also known as ? | Endodermal sinus tumor
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| What are two markers of Yolk Sac Tumors | Alpha-fetoprotein as well as alpha-1 antitrypsin
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| what are teratomas | carcinomas composed of two or more germ cell layers (endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal)
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| How do mature and immature teratomas differ | Mature teratomas are composed of haphazard arrays of normal adult tissue while immature are composed of fetal appearing tissues often of neural differentiation
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| In what age group do you worry about malignant potential with Teratomas | in postpubertal males all testicular teratomas must be assumed to have at least some malignant potential
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| How do Teratomas spread | They spread by lymphatic and hematogenous routes
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| What two components must be present in order to diagnose Choriocarcinoma | both cytotrophoblasts and syncytotrophoblasts must be present to make the diagnosis
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| Choriocarcinomas produce ______ which can be used as a helpful serum marker of disease progression | human chorionic gonadotropin
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| When you have a mixed germ cell tumor is the prognosis more often that of the better or worst component | more often the prognosis reflects that of the worse component
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| what are the three stages of testicular cancer | Stage1-local Stage 2-Retroperitoneal lymph node disease and Stage 3-Distant Disease
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| You have a parent who states that their male child has only a dribble for a urine stream what congenital prostate abnormality could explain this finding | stenotic urethral valve in the prostatic urethra
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| What part of the prostate is most affected by nodular hyperplasia | the central portion of the gland with sparing of the peripheral zone
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| what is the most common carcinoma in males | adenocarcinoma
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| where do adenocarcinomas of the prostate tend to develop | in the peripheral zone
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| What is often elevated in patiens with prostatic carcinomas | Prostate specific antigen
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