Macrominerals
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Macrominerals | Calcium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride
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| Calcium sources | Dairy products, sardines, clams and oysters, cruciferous vegetables, tofu, fortified juices
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| Calcium Absorption Reduced by | Oxalate, Phytate, phosphorus (but not likely to affect Ca balance), Menopause, Age, Iron
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| Calcium absorption increased by | Vitamin D
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| Calcium absorption excretion may be increased by | Protein, Sodium, Chloride
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| Calcium absorption supplements | Citrate is best absorbed, take carbonate with food,
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| Functions of Calcium | Normal bone (99% of Ca in bones and teeth, Hydroxyapatite- bone crystals, men lose bone mass at high rate in menopause) ;
Intracellular messenger: Activates protein kinase(phosphorylations)
Activates phospholipase
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| Functions of Calcium cont'd: | - Muscle contraction : Ca enters muscle and binds to troponin c
- Blood clotting: required for activation of clotting factors
- Normal Blood Pressure
- Colon Cancer Prevention
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| Calcium Deficiency | - Decrease in serum : Tetany = uncontrolled muscle contraction
- Decrease in bone : Rickets in children; Osteoporosis in adults
- Decrease intake : HTN, Colon Ca, Weight Gain
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| Calcium Assessment | Serum Calcium , Serum ionized Ca (direct measure of active calcium levels), Bone mass/density Ca (best measured by Dexa)
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| Phosphorus sources | Dairy, MFP, Nuts/Seeds, Legumes, Soft Drinks
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| Phosphorus Absorption | - Decreased by: Phytates, Magnesium Calcium
- Increased by : Vitamin D
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| Phosphorus Fuctions | - Bone mineralization = hydroxyapatite
- Energy-rich compounds = ATP, creatine phosphate
- Phospholipids = cell membranes
- Coenzyme form of vitamins = PLP, NADPH, TDP, TPP
- Nucleic acid structures = Alternates with pentoses to form back bone
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| Phosphorus Deficiency | - Rare due to widespread sources
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| Phosphorus at risk | Antacids or phos-binders
Starvation - refeeding sydrome
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| Phosphorus deficiency symptoms | Children : rickets
Adults : osteomalacia
Muscular weakness
Loss of appetite
Hemolytic anemia
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| Phosphorus toxicity | AT RISK: renal failure
Symptoms : renal bone disease, soft tissue calcification
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| Phosphorus assessment | Serum phosphorus
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| Magnesium Sources | Nuts, Legumes, Whole grains, Green Vegetables
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| Magnesium absorption decreased by | phytates, phosphorus
increased by: vitamin D
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| Magnesium functions | Enzyme cofactor = kinases
- Protein and nucleic acid synthesis
- Bone structure
- Blood pressure = vasodilator, and cofactor for fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins
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| Magnesium deficiency | Muscle effects = tremors, weakness, spasms
N/V, anorexia
Osteporosis?
Low intakes related to heart disease
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| Magnesium toxicity | At risk: renal failure
Symptoms: diarrhea
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| Magnesium Assessment | Serum concentration and urine excretion
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| Sodium sources | Processed foods, pickeled foods, table salt, softened water, MSG
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| Sodium functions | - Primary extracellular cation
- Regulation of fluid status and blood pressure
- Nerve transmission (depolarization)
- Acid base balance ( Sodium exchanges for H+ at kidney)
- Absorption of glucose
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| Sodium deficiency | Rare, but may cause intracellular edema
- Caused by fluid loss and replacement of water only
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| Sodium toxicity | - increase blood pressure
- stiff arteries
- AT RISK: renal failure, heart failure
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| Potassium sources | Unprocessed foods, Fruits/Veggies, Peanut butter, Dairy, Legumes, salt substitutes
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| Potassium Functions | - Primary intracellular cation
- Nerve transmission
- Regulation of fluid balance and blood presure
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| Potassium deficiency | AT RISK : fluid lost, K-wasting diuretics, Starvation ( refeeding syndrome)
- Hypertension
- Hypokalemia = muscle weakness, mental confusion, arrythmias
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| K toxicity | Usually not due to diet
AT RISK: renal failure
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| Chloride sources | Same as sodium, Eggs Seafood
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| Chloride functions | - Fluid/electroylte balance (opposes sodium)
- Component HCL
- Acid/Base balance = lose H+ during vomiting, exchange for bicarbonate in RBCs
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| Chloride deficiency | AT RISK: excess fluid loss
SYMPTOMS: convulsions
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| Chloride toxicity | AT RISK: dehydration
INCREASE BP: as salt
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| Chloride Assessment | Serum concentration
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