Integumentary System
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| appendages | hair, nails, skin glands
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| Integumentary System | skin; sheetlike structure called a membrane
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| epithelial membranes | covers or protects
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| connective tissue membranes | covers joints
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| skin functions | protect, sensation, heat regulation
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| membrane | thin sheetlike structures that cover and protect body surfaces, line body cavities, and cover inner surfaces of hollow organs
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| Epithelial membrane | composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue
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| connective tissue membrane | composed of various types of connective tissue; no epithelial cells are present in this type of tissue
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| Epithelial Membranes | 3 types: 1. Cutaneous 2. Serous 3. Mucous
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| cutaneous membrane | Skin; primary organ of integumentary system. 16% of of body weight. = Epithelial tissue membrane as has superficial layer of epithelial tissue membrane and an underlying layer of supportive connective tissue.
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| serous membrane | Found on surfaces within closed cavities; composed of thin layer of squamous epithelium and connective tissue layer.
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| basement membrane | connective tissue layer of the serous member that holds and supports the epithelial cells
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| parietal portion | serous membrane that lines body cavities
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| visceral portion | serous membrane that covers the surface of organs
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| pleura | serous membranes lining the thoracic
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| peritoneum | serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
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| pleurisy | very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs.
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity
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| mucous membranes | epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior.
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| mucus | thick, slimy material secreted by epithelial cells of mucous membranes
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| mucocutaneous junction | the transitional area that serves serves as a point of "fusion" were skin and mucous membranes meet
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| connective tissue membranes | contain NO epithelial cells
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| synovial membranes | line the spaces between bones and joints that move
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| synovial fluid | thick, colorless fluid secreted by he synovial membrane to lubricate and keep it smooth and slick
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| epidermis | outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
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| dermis | deeper layer of the two layer of skin; composed mostly of connective tissue
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| subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) | thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat that support the two layers of skin
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| stratus germinativum | cells in the innermost layer of the epidermis which under go mitosis and reproduce themselves and move upward through the layers of skin.
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| keratin | unique protein that is a tough waterproof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with a horny, abrasion-resistant and protective quality
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| stratum corneum | tough outer layer of the epidermis where cells filled with keratin are continually pushed up to
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| pigment layer | stratus germinativum; layer responsible for production of melanin
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| melanocytes | pigment producing cells
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| cyanosis | when blood flow is reduced dramatically and the skin turns a bluish-gray color
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| vitiligo | a skin condition characterized by patchy looking areas of light skin resulting from the acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes
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| papule/elevated lesion | firm, raised lesion less than 1 cm in diameter/warts
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| plaque/elevated lesion | large raised lesion (larger than 1cm in diameter/plaque caused by friction
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| vesicle/elevated lesion | thin walled blister filled with fluid that is smaller than 1 cm (larger than 1 cm = bulla)/non-genital herpes vesicles
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| pustle/elevated lesion | elevated lesion filled with pusacbe
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| crust/elevated lesion | scab; area with dried blood or exudate/scab
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| wheal (hive)/elevated lesion | firm, raised area of irregular shape with a light center/drug-sensitivity hives
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| macule/flat lesion | area distinguished from surrounding skin by color/freckle
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| patch/flat lesion | macule greater than 1 cm/vitiligo
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| excoriation/depressed lesion | area in which epidermis is missing, exposing dermis/scratch
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| atrophy/depressed lesion | skin level depressed, showing loss of tissue/striae
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| ulcer/depressed lesion | craterlike lesion caused by disintegration of skin/bedsore or pressure sore
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| fissure/depressed lesion | linear crack or break from epidermis to dermis/athlete's foot
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| albinism | partial or total lack of melanin pigment in the skin and eyes
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| areolae | skin surrounding the nipples
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| dermal-epidermal junction | junction that exists between the thin epidermal layer of skin above and the dermal layer below; area of contact "glues" them together and provides support for the epidermis
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| dermal papillae | upper region of dermis characterized by peg-like projections; form important part of dermal-epidermal junction
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| friction ridges | found on palms and soles; distinct rows of dermal papillae form roughly parallel rows to help walking; gives human fingerprints
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| thick skin | special category of skin that is thick, hairless and deeply ridged
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| thin sick | most skin which has hair and irregular shallow grooves
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| striae | stretch marks
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| birthmark | developmental malformation of dermal blood vessels
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| strawberry hemangioma | a collection of dilated blood vessels that may initially appear as a bruise at birth and then grow rapidly during the first year into a bright red nodule
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| port-wine stain | vascular birthmark that is permanent and does not fade with age
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| stork bite | birthmark that is dilation of the capillaries at the nape of the neck
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| lanugo | hair of a newborn that is extremely fine and soft
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| lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle | detects pressure deep in the dermis
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| tactile (Meissner) corpuscle | detects light touch
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| lunula | crescent-shaped white area of the nail body nearest the nail root
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| nail bed | layer of epithelium that lies under the nail
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| onycholysis | separation of the nail from the nail bed that begins at the free edge or distal end
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| sudoriferous glands | sweat glands; help eliminate waste products such as ammonia and uric acid.
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| eccrine glands | sweat glands; quite small and all over body
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| perspiration | sweat; transparent, watery fluid produced by sweat glands
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| pores | pin-point size openings on the skin that are outlets of small ducts from the eccrine sweat glands
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| apocrine sweat glands | found primarily in the skin of the armpits and in the pigmented area of the genitals; secrete thicker, milky secretion
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| sebaceous glands | grow where hair grows and secrete oil for the hair and skin; tiny ducts open into hair follicles
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| sebum | secretion of sebaceous glands
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| blackhead | sebum accumulation in and enlarges pore; sebum darkens
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| acne vulgaris | most common form of acne; occurs with more more than 5x increase of sebum during adolescence
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| functions of skin | 1) protection 2) regulate temperature 3)sense organ activity (also waterproof and protects body from fluid loss)
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| dermatosis | any disorder of the skin
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| dermatitia | inflammation of the skin
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| lesion | any measurable variation from the normal structure of a tissue
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| Classification & Severity of Burns | 1) Depth and number of tissue layers involve
2) Total body surface area affected
3) Type of homeostatic mechanisms, such as respiratory or blood pressure control and fluid and electrolyte balance, that are damaged or destroyed
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| first-degree burn | causes minor discomfort and some reddening of the skin (a partial thickness burn)
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| second-degree burn | involves deep epidermal layers and always causes injury to the upper layers of the dermis (a partial thickness burn)
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| Third-degree or full-thickness burn | characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis; tissue damage also extends below the primary skin layers into the subcutaneous tissue
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| fourth-degree burn | extends below the subcutaneous tissue reaching muscle or bone
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| severity of burn | determined by depth of injury and amount of body surface affected
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| rule of nines | method of determining the extent of burn injury; body divided into 11 areas of 9%
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| Impetigo | Skin infection resulting from staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
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| tinea | mycoses/fungal infections of the skin;i ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot
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| fissure | crack in crease of the epidermis
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| warts | caused by papillomavirus; type of benign neoplasm of the skin
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| boils/furuncles | local staphylococcal infections of hair follicles characterized by inflamed pustules
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| carbuncles | a group of untreated boils that fuse into even larger pus-filled lesions
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| scabies | contagious skin caused by the itch mite; female mite digs under the hard stratum corneum and forms a burrow where she lays eggs
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| excoriation | a skin lesion where the epidermis has been removed as with a scratch
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| decubitus ulcer | pressure sore/bed sore
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| hives/urticaria | raised red lesions called wheals
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| scleroderma | autoimmune disease that affects blood vessels and connective tissues of the skin; causes skin hardening
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| psoriasis | common, chronic skin disease characterized by silvery, scalelike plaques that may remain fixed on the skin for months; develops from an excessive rate of epithelial cell growth
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| eczema | most common inflammatory disorder of the skin; often characterized by inflammation by accompanied by papules, vesicles,crusts
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| squamous cell carcinoma | slow growing malignant tumor of the epidermis; most common type of skin cancer; hard, raised nodules; if not treated will become malignant
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| basal cell carcinoma | often occurs on the upper face; much less likely to metastasize; begins in cells at the base of the epidermis
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| melanoma | malignant melanoma = most serious form of skin cancer; may develop from a pigmented nevus/mole and transforms into a dark, spreading lesion
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| xeroderma pigmentosum | rare, inherited condition where person cannot repair UV damage
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