Chapters 11 and 12 in A&P book for test DelTech Owens
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What are the functions of the nervous sytem? | 1) Sensory input 2) integregation 3) motor output
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| The process of getting information from your surrounding environment is called __ __. | sensory input
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| The interpretation of things you have felt, tasted, and touched with your sensory neurons into responses that the body recognizes is called __. | integration
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| When your brain sends a message through neurons to effecter, muscle or gland cells, this is called __ __. | motor output
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| Structurally, the nervous system consists of what two systems? | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what 2 parts? | brain and spinal cord
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| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what? | cranial and spinal nerves
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| Functionally, the nervous system consists of what 2 parts? | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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| The somatic nervous system deals with what parts of the body? | skeletal and voluntary muscles
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| The autonomic nervous system deals with what parts of the body? | involuntary muscles (like the heart)
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| The autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 systems? | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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| The fight or flight response is part of what half of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic, which deals with stress
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| The feed or breed response is part of what half of the autonomic nervous system? | parasympathetic, which deals with low or no stress
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| If you're a nervous wreck, chiropracter's sometimes say that you're in __ overdrive. | sympathetic overdrive
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| The supporting cells of the neurons are called __. | neuroglia or glial cells
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| Another word for nerve cells is __. | neurons
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| What does the word "glial" literally mean? | glue
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| What kind of nerve cells can multiply, vary in size and shape, and are a common site of brain tumors? | neuroglia (or glial cells)
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| Glial cells that are star shaped and that hold neurons close to blood vessels are called __. | astrocytes
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| Glial cells that are smaller than astrocytes and that act as phagocytes for the brain and spinal cord are called __. | microglia
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| Glial cells that resemble epithelial cells, are ciliated, and that move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) across nerve tissues are called __. | ependymal cells
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| Glial cells that hold neurons together, produce the myelin sheath of nerve fibers and spinal cord, are called __. | oligodendroglia
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| Glial cells that produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system and neurolemma are called __. | Schwann cells
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| The astrocytes of the peripheral nervous system are called __. | satellite cells
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| Three characteristics of neurons include: | 1) extreme longevity 2) amitotic (can't reproduce) 3) high metabollic rate
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| Neurons have a high metabollic rate, so they need lots of __ and will die quickly without it. | O2/oxygen
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| The 3 types of neurons are: | 1) afferent (sensory) 2) efferent (motor) 3) interneurons (central)
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| Neurons that transmit impulses TO the brain are called __. | afferent (sensory)
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| Neurons that transmit impulses FROM the brain and spinal cord are called __. | efferent (motor)
Think Effect=Efferent
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| Neurons that connect impulses from sensory to motor are called __. | interneurons (central)
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| Receptors for action potential are called __. | dendrites
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| The body of the neuron is called __. | soma or perikanyon
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| The brain of the neuron is its __. | nucleus
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| A nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the soma (or cell body) is called an __. | axon
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| The white lipid substance that works as an insulator and that speeds nerve signals is called a __ __. | myelin sheath
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| The myelin sheath is made by __ __. | Schwann cells
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| The membrane covering some myelin sheaths and responsible for regenerating axons and dendrites is called __. | neurolemma
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| An action potential always travels from __ to __ to __. | dendrites, soma, axon
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| The central nervous system has no __ so it can't regenerate. | neurolemma
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| Exposed areas of axons between myelin are called __ _ __. | nodes of Ranvie
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| The ends of axons are called __. | telodendria
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| The synaptic knobs at the ends of telodendria contain __. | neurotransmitters (NT)
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| A group of axons bundled together are called __. | nerves
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| The tissue of cell bodies that have unmyelinated axons and dendrites are called __ __. | grey matter
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| The tissue of cell bodies that have myelinated axons and dendrites are called __ __. | white matter
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| When stimulus is received by a sensory receptor, this is step 1 on the __ arc. | reflex arc
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| When an afferent neuron carries a signal received from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system, this is step 2 of the __ arc. | reflex arc
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| The 3rd step in the reflex arc is when the __ processes the message from step 2. | interneuron
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| In step 4 of the reflex arc, the efferent neuron prepares to carry the message from the interneuron to the __. | effector
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| The 5th stage of the reflex arc occurs when the message is actually transmitted to the __. | effector
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| Dendrites receive __ signals to the neuron's body. | incoming
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| Axons carry signals __ from the neuron's body. | away (A=Away)
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| Potassium (K+) ions inside the nerve cells have a __ charge. | positive
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| Phosphate (PO4) ions in the nerve cell are __. | negative
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| There are more phosphate ions in the nerve cell than potassium, so the cell's charge is __. | negative
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| Sodium is an ion in the fluid surrounding a nerve cell. Sodium's charge is __. | positive
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| Axons need to be protected because they're so __. | long
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| __ cells are like a toilet paper roll as they wrap around the axon. | Schwann
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| There are __ in the myeline sheath and Schwann cells. | spaces
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| The spaces in the myeline sheath and Schwann cells are called the nodes of __. | Ranvier
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| __ are basically grey in color. | axons
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| Neurotransmitters can be found in __ on the tip of the axon. | vesicles
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| The vesicles, or "bubbles," on the tip of an axon __ when the nerve dendrites are stimulated. | pop
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| The __ in the nerve vesicles crosses the bridge, or synapse, between neurons when the vesicles pop. | neurotransmitter
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| The static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the __ __. | resting potential
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| The primary positive ion involved when nerves fire is __. | sodium
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| When a neuron is stimulated, sodium __ will open and sodium will rush into the axon. | gates
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| Sodium that enters the axon through the sodium gate will change the charge of the cell from __ to positive. | negative
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| The neuron's membrane __ the sodium out so the neuron can fire again instantly. | pumps
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| The tip of an axon has __ in it. | calcium
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| When a neuron fires, the calcium causes the vesicles on the tip of the axon to pop and release their contents, which are __. | neurotransmitters
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| Calcium is __ to the firing of nerves. Without it, neurotransmitters can't be released. | crucial
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| A resting neuron, which is positive on the inside and negative on the outside, has a __ __. | polarized membrane
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| When a resting neuron - which is polarized - is stimulated to fire its neurotransmitter, it __. | depolarizes
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| A wave of __ spreads across the neuron when it fires. | depolarization
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| After a neuron depolarizes, it __ immediately so it can fire again. | repolarizes
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| A connection between a neuron and the next cell is called a __. | synapse
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| A synapse is not called a space between neurons. It is a __, __, or connection. | cleft, junction
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| When a neuron fires and the vesicles on the tip of the axon pop, the neurotransmitters inside the vesicles __ to the next neuron. | attach
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| Sometimes neurotransmitters __, causing seizures. | leak
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| After a neuron has fired, it secretes an enzyme called __ to dissolve the neurotransmitter that has attached to the next neuron. | achase
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| What do you call a neuron before it fires? | presynaptic
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| What do you call a neuron after it fires? | postsynaptic
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| The name of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase can be shortened to __. | achase, or Ach
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| Five neurotransmitters used in the human body include: | 1) acetylcholine 2) norepinephrine 3) dopamine 4)GABA 5) serotonin
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| Which neurotransmitter is the most abundant? | acetylcholine
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| Which neurotransmitters promote a sense of well being? | norepinephrine and serotonin
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| Norepinephrine has 2 removal agents or enzymes: they are called? | MAO and COMT
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| Acetylcholine is used to stimulate __ and also resides in the brain. | muscles (which is why it's the most abundant)
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| __ is used in the brain and used to coordinate signals. | dopamine
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| Dopamine is concentrated in the __ ganglia. | basal
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| Dopamine shortage can cause __. | Parkinson's
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| Astrocytes, part of the brain/blood barrier, will not allow __ to pass into the brain directly. | dopamine
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| Dopamine if both excitatory and __. | inhibitory
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| GABA stands for __ __ __ __. | gamma amino banzoic acid
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| Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory? | inhibitory
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| GABA stops __ from moving all the time. | muscles
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| Which neurotransmitter was the first to be discovered? | acetylcholine
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| Acetylcholine is released at all __ __ and by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. | muscular junctions
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| What's an acid that breaks down acetylcholine (something other than AChe)? | acetic acid (vinegar)
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| AChe, acetic acid, and __ are recycled back into the presympatic nob to make more acetylcholine. | choline
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| The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is removed by __ __. | monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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| Adrenaline is another word for __. | epinephrine
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| The body's natural pain relievers are called __. They also give us an exercise high. | endorphines
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| This neurotransmitter makes women forget the pain of child birth ... so we're told. | enkephalin
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| The effects of the neurotransmitter GABBA are increased by __. | alcohol
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| Name the neurotransmitter that blacks ACh on respiratory muscles and that is used to induce respiratory paralysis during surgery. | succinyl choline chloride
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| What is the first definable organ in an embryo? | brain and spinal cord
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| What are the 2 kinds of white nerve matter? | tracts and nerves
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| Bundles of fibers (axons and dendrites) inside the central nervous system are called? | tracts - also called neural tracts
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| Bundles of fibers outside the CNS are called? | nerves
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| What are the 2 kinds of grey nerve matter? | nuclei and ganglia
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| The reflex centers found inside the gray matter of the central nervous system are called what? | nuclei
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| The clusters of grey matter outside the CNS are called what? | glanglia
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| The ventricles (hollow spaces) inside the brain are filled with what? | cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF
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| Name the 6 major divisions of the brain. | 1) medulla oblongota 2) pons 3) midbrain 4) cerebellum 5) diencephelon 6) cerebrum
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| The most inferior part of the brain stem that resides just inside the foramen magnum is called what? | medulla
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| What are some of the functions the medulla controls? | 1) cardiac 2) vasomotor/blood pressure 3) reflex centers
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| The criss-cross of nerves running from the left side of the body to the right side, and vice versa, is called the __ of tracts. | decussation of tracts
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| Pons literally means _. | bridge
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| The pons vertically connects the __ to the __. | midbrain to the medulla
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| The pons controls __. | respiration
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| The pons horizontally connects itself to the __. | cerebellum
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| The midbrain connects the __ to the __. | forebrain to the hindbrain
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| The midbrain is mostly __ matter. (grey or white) | white
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| The midbrain controls 3 important reflexes. What are they? | 1) pupil reflex 2) auditory reflex 3) postural reflex
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| Cerebellum literally means what? | little brain
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| True or false: the cerebellum is the largest part of the human brain. | False. It's the 2nd largest part.
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| The cerebellum coordinates __ activity. | muscular
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| The cerebellum helps us to maintain __. | balance or equilibrium
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| The cerebellum contains the __ vitae, which relays impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain. | arbor vitae
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| The __ contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the 3rd ventricle. | diencephalon
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| The white matter of the __ is the sorting dept for impulses, like a switchboard operator. | thalamus
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| The grey matter of the thalamus is responsible for __ sensations and plays a role in __. | crude, emotions
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| The __ forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle and is directly connected to the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus plays a role in emotions like __ and sexual behavior. | rage
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| The middle portion of the hypothalamus becomes, or gives rise to, the __. | infundibulum
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| The pineal gland produces __. | melatonin
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| The pineal gland regulates our biological __. | clock
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| The __ __ is where the optic nerves cross from left to right an vice versa into the brain. | optic chiasma
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| The largest, most prominent part of the brain is called the __. | cerebrum
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| The cerebrum makes us __ than other animal. | smarter
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| The cerebrum is divided into 2 halves by the __ fissure. | longitudinal fissure
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| The 2 halves of the cerebrum are joined by the __ __. | corpus collosum
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| The 4 lobes of the cerebrum are called what? | 1) frontal 2) occipital 3) parietal 4) temporal
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| The frontal lobe manages what brain functions? | thought, emotions, special senses
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| The occipital lobe manages what brain function? | sight
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| The parietal lobe manages what brain function? | touch
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| The temporal lobe manages what brain functions? | hearing and smell
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| All 4 lobes in the brain are divided by __. | fissures
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| The __ fissure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. | central
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| The __ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. | transverse
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| The __ is the outer layer of grey matter. | cerebral cortex
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| Gyri are rises in the brain, while __ are depressions in the brain. | sulcus
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| The 3 parts of the cerebrum are? | 1) cerebral cortex 2) white matter 3) basal ganglia
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| The __ part of the cerebrum stabilizes and steadies out movements. | basal ganglia
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| What are the 3 kinds of fiber in the cerebrum? | 1) commisural 2) association 3) projection
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| The commisural part of the cerebrum carries impulses from __ and __ hemisphere. | left and right
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| The __ fibers of the cerebrum carry messages within a single brain hemisphere. | association
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| The __ fibers of the cerebrum carry messages away from the cortex to other parts of the brain. | projection
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| The corpus collosum is a white __ tract. | commisural
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve I? | Olfactory, Sensory, Smell
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve II? | Optic, Sensory, Vision
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve III? | Oculomotor, Motor, Eye Movement
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve IV? | Trochlea, Motor, Eye Movement
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve V? | Trigeminal, Both, Swallowing and facial feeling
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VI? | Abducens, Motor, Eye Movement
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VII? | Facial, Both, Facial movement and taste
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VIII? | Vestibular (auditory), Sensory, Hearing and balance
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve IX? | Glossopharyngeal, Both, Tongue and pharynx
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve X? | Vagus, Both, Heart and blood vessels and viscera
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve XI? | Accessory (spinal), Motor, Neck and shoulder muscles
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| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve XII? | Hypoglossal, Motor, tongue muscles
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| Mnemonic for remembering the cranial nerves? | Oh oh oh to touch and feel a girl's vagina ah heaven
I didn't make that up.
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| What 2 things protect the central nervous system? | Bones and meninges
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| The 3 layers and spaces of the meninges in order (from outside layer to inside layer)? | 1. Bone (skull) 2. dura mater 3. subdural space 4. arachnoid 5. subarachnoid 6. pia mater 7. brain and spinal cord
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| What layer anchors the brain to the skull, has sensory nerves, goes all the way around the brain and down the spine, and literally means "tough mother?" | dura mater
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| Which membrane is delicate and web-like, serves as the middle layer of the meninges, and literally means "spider?" | arachnoid
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| Which layer is attached to the brain and spinal cord, lines the ventricles, contains special capillaries called the choroid plexus which make cerebrospinal fluid, and literally means "soft mother?" | pia mater
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| The subdural space in the skull is between what two layers of the meninges? | dura mater and the arachnoid
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| The sub arachnoid space is between what two layers of the meninges? | arachnoid and pia
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| Cerebrospinal fluid is only found in __ __ space, around the brain, spinal cord, and the ventricles. | sub arachnoid
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| The spinal cord ends at which vertebra? | L3
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| The meninges ends at which spinal cord? | L4 or L5
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| A watery, sometimes colorless and sometimes yellowish fluid used by the nervous system is called? | cerebrospinal fluid
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| The choroid plexus makes cerebrospinal fluid out of __ by active transport and filtration. | blood
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| Cerebrospinal fluid can be found in what four locations? | 1. Around cord in subarachnoid space 2. inside central canal of spinal cord 3. inside 4 ventricles 4. surround brain also in subarachnoid space
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| CSF reenters the blood stream by veins in the brain called __ __. | arachnoid villi
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| A selective mechanism that prevents certain substances from entering the brain to protect against infections is called the __ __ __. | blood brain barrier
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| How many pairs of nerves are there in the spinal nerves? | 31
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| The 31 pairs of nerves in the spine consist of __ and __ nerves. | motor and sensory
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| The dorsal (posterior) nerves that extend from the spine are always __ nerves. | sensory
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| The ventral (anterior) nerves that extend from the spine are always __ nerves. | motor
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| As each spinal nerve emerges from the between the vertebra, it divides into __ branches. | 2
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| The two branches of spinal nerves that emerge from the vertebra are called __ and __. | RAMUS one and RAMUS two.
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| An extensive network of nerves is called a __. | plexus
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| Nerves that exit between the C1 and C4 vertebra are part of the __ plexus. | cervical
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| The cervical plexus of nerves supplies what parts of the body? | skin, muscles of back of head, neck and shoulders, phrenic nerve.
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| The phrenic nerve controls the __ and therefore controls __. | diaphragm and therefore controls breathing
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| The __ plexus supplies the neck, shoulders, arm. | brachial plexus
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| The 3 main brachial nerves are? | 1. radial 2. median 3. ulnar
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| The thoracic (not a plexus) control the __ muscles. | intercostal
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| The __ plexus exits the back bone at the L1 - L5 vertebra. | lumbosacral
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| The femoral and sacral nerves are part of the __ plexus. | lumbosacral
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| The cranial nerves have __ pairs. | 12
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| The __ nervous system supplies involuntary muscles and glands. | autonomic
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| The ANS is strictly a __ __ composed entirely of motor neurons. | directive system
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| The ANS uses a pathway that involves two motor neurons in a series. They are? | 1st pre ganglionic neuron, 2nd post ganglionic neuron
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| The sympathetic nervous system is fight or __ while the parasympathetic nervous system is feed or __. | flight, breed
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| The sympathetic nervous system is fear, anger, __ while the parasympathetic nervous system is more __. | pain, relaxed
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| The sympathetic nervous system emerges from the __ __ areas. | thoracic lumbar
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| The parasympathetic nervous system emerges from the __ and __ areas. | cranio and sacral
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| The sympathetic nervous system uses 2 neurotransmitters, called: | Ach, norepinephrine
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| The parasympathetic nervous system uses only 1 neurotransmitter, called: | Ach
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| The parasympathetic nervous system controls and dominates __. | digestion
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| The sympathetic nervous system controls __ and blood distribution. | circulation
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| Another mneumonic for cranial nerves: | On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
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| A depression in the brain is called a __. | sulci
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| A ridge on the brain is called a __. | gyrus
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| A single section of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a __. | dermatome
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| A segment of muscles innervated by a spinal nerve is called a __. | myotome
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate and force of blood flow to __. | increase
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes blood flow to skeletal muscles to __. | dilate
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes bronchial passages in the lungs to __. | dilate
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes movement in the digestive tract to __. | decrease
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes the sphincter to __. | constrict
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes the urinary bladder to __. | relax
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes the pupil of the eye to __. | expand
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes secretion from sweat glands to __. | increase
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| The sympathetic nervous system causes secretion from salivary glands to __. | decrease
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to __. | decrease
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| The parasympathetic nervous system has __ affect on blood vessels. | no
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchial passages in the lungs to __. | constrict
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes movement in the digestive tract to __. | decrease
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the sphincter to __. | relax
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the urinary bladder to __. | contract
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the pupil of the eye to __. | constrict
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes secretion from the sweat glands to __. | decrease
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| The parasympathetic nervous system causes secretion from the salivary glands to __. | increase
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
IsaacJ
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