CH. 9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Mass Flow of Ocean Water is driven by | wind and gravity
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| 2 main types of ocean currents | surface currents and Thermohaline currents
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| Surface Currents | affects 10 % of total volume of ocean water
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| Thermohaline currents | depends on density differences from variations in temp and salinity... 90% of ocean volume
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| surface ocean currents that are driven by density differences in water masses | combine to transport 2/3 of total heat transferred from the equator to the poles
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| 100m/ 40 sec= | 2.5 m/s
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| An amateur swimmer can swim 2- 2.5 mph | 1 m/s
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| Surface Currents affect | 10% of oceans water (400m)
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| Thermohaline currents affect | 90% volume of water
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| the ocean is layered due to density differences caused by | temperture and salinity
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| pynocline | 18% region of rapid increase in density
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| Surface Zones | 2% well mixed of waves and currents
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| Deep Zone | stable density, 80 % of water
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| Geostrophic gyre | an oceanwide circular current
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| Geostrophic is bounded by the | continents, westerly winds and the trade winds
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| Geostrophic GYRES result from a balance of forces | wind friction, Coriolis effect and pressure gradient effect
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| wind friction | in direction of wind
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| Coriolis effect | as for air currents
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| pressure gradient effect | gravity opposing water "piling up" downwind
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| surface currents move at a | 45 angle from the wind direction. to the right in N. Hemisphere and left in Southern
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| The net result is current flow at 45 to the wind direction | theory is 90 but 45 in reality
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| Western Currents | are fastest, deepest and most narrowest. ex: Gulf Stream moves 2 m/s
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| Eastern Currents | are slowest, shallowest and wider. example is the canary current .5 m/s
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| linking the western and Eastern currents is known as | transverse currents
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| transverse currents are | steady blowing westerlies and trade windes, thus continually provides energy for the ocean currents
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| surface ocean currents affect | weather and climate along with winds
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| surface ocean currents distribute | tropical heat worldwide
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| warm water flows to | higher latitudes, thus transfers heat to the air and cools
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| what is more important for warming? | winds
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| vertical currents are induced by | the wind at continental edges. ex: N Hemisphere
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| Interplay between ocean currents and atmospheric circulation is responsible for | El Nino and La Nina events
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| Upwelling is deep oceans | brings nutrients for fish
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| El Nino year | lack of wind blowing west lets warm water flow east to arrive at Peru
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| El Nino is downwelling or upwelling | downwelling.. poor fishys
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| Normal is when Warm water is in SW Pacific | Normal years push waters west and develop a pool of the warmest water in the world
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| Normal Year (tropical pacific) | upwelling
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| El Nino is when trade winds | slow and warm water starts moving
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| consequences of El Nino | warm water>> increased evaporation >> increased precipitation (rain) >> flooding and a ton of nasty stuff
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| El Nino lasts up how many years? | 1
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| ENSO | El Nino- Southern Oscillation
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| (enSO)Southern Oscillation | periodic changes in atmospheric pressure in SW pacific
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| (ENso)El Nino is a movement of warm surface water in Peru and what is resulting from it? | Weather
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| LA NINA | rapid return to normal conditions. It is colder than normal events in Eastern Pacific
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| El Nino Returns at 3 to what intervals? | 8
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| What percentage of the oceans water volume is affected in the Surface currents driven by wind? | 10 percent
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| Denser water is usually colder and ? | saltier
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| Two ways to form denser water | Freeze sea water (Arctic, Antarctic) and evaporate seawater (mediterranean)
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| Freezing sea water is when the | ice is pure water, so this leaves behind saltier water (brines)
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| Evaporating sea water is when the | increase of salinity, thus, hot mediterranean
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| Distinctive water masses form under ice and may keep their identities for as long as | 1600 years
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