FBSD The Skeletal System, Chapter 6

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The skeleton has five general functions:

1.supports & stabilizes surrounding tissue such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, adipose(fat) tissue, & skin. 2.Protects vital organs of the body such as brain, spinal cord,heart & lungs

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The 5 general functions of the skeleton continued

3.Assists in body movement(locomotion) by providing attachments for muscles that pull on bones that act as levers 4.Red bone marrow manufactures blood cells/ hematopoiesis 5.It is a storage area for fat& mineral salts/ phosphorus(P)& Calcium(Ca)

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Located at the ends of the long bones and the center of all others is a meshwork of interconnecting sections called

cancellous(spongy) bone

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The many spaces within cancellous bone are filled with

red bone marrow

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Red bone marrow is found in larger quantities in the

cranium, ribs, vertebrae, sternum, & pelvic bones

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A common site for red bone marrow extraction is an

iliac crest (very top of hips)

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Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the

shafts of the long bones

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Yellow bone marrow is primarily made up of

fat cells(adipose tissue)

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The shaft of the long bones is called the

diaphysis

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The two extremities of the long bones are called the

epiphyses

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The epiphyses are the sections of the long bones that

grow vertically(growth plates)

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A fibrovascular membrane that covers a bone is called the

periosteum

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the tissue found between articulating bones that acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction is called

cartilage

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Cartilage can also be referred to as a

meniscus (type of cartilage)

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The tissue that binds articulating bones together & allows a certain Range Of Movement (ROM) is called

ligaments -- bind bone on bone

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The tissue that connects a muscle to a bone is called a

tendon

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The formation of bone is called

ossification

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Bone cells are called

osteocytes

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Ostocytes are classified as

1.Osteoblasts which will build bone 2.Osteoclasts which will remove(reabsorb) bone

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What is required for osteoblasts(build bone) to function

WeightT (WT) bearing (put weight on bone)

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What is required for osteoclasts (remove/reabsorb bone) to function

nothing

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Bones whose length exceeds their width are called

long bones

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Examples of long bones include

1.Two clavicles AKA collar bones 2.Two humeri AKA superior arm bones 3.Two radii AKA lateral inferior arm bones 4.Two ulnae AKA medial inferior arm bones 5.Two femurs AKA thigh bones(superior legs/ largest bone in body)

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The proximal(beginning) portion of each ulna is called the

olecranon(elbow)

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Examples of long bones include continued

6.Two tibiae AKA anterior/front inferior leg bones (shins) 7.Two fibulae AKA posterior inferior leg bones(little fibs) 8.Ten metacarpals AKA hand bones 9.Ten metatarsals AKA foot bones 10.Twenty phalanges AKA fingers/toes/digits

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One finger or toe or digit is called a

phalanx

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Bones without a shaft(diaphysis) are called

short bones

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Examples of short bones include

1.16 carpals AKA wrist bones..arranged in two rows of four each 2.Fourteen tarsals AKA ankle bones..are arranged in the hindfoot & the forefoot

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In each proximal (beginning) row (of the carpals,(wrist bones) from medial to lateral are the

1.Pisiform 2.Triquetrum(triquetral) 3.Lunate 4.Scaphoid(navicular)

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In each distal (end) row (of the carpals, wrist bones) from medial to lateral are the

5.Hamate 6.Capitate 7.Trapezoid 8.Trapexium

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Each hindfoot (hind/back)(tarsals/ankle bones) is made up of the

1.Calcaneus(calcaneum) AKA heel 2.Talus 3.Navicular 4.Cuboid

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Each forefoot (front) is made up of the

1.Medial or first cuneiform 2.Intermediate or second cuneiform 3.Lateral or third cuneiform

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Thin bones found whenever there is a need for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or vital parts are called

flat bones

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Examples of flat bones include the

1.Cranium AKA skull 2.One sternum AKA the breast bone 3.Twelve pairs of ribs 4.Two scapulae AKA shoulder bones(blades) 5.Pelvic bones 6.Two patellae AKA kneecaps

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The bones of the cranium include

Two parietal bones/cranial roof*One frontal bone/forehead*Two temporal bones/temples*One occipital bone*Two zygomatic bones/check bones *One maxilla/superior jaw *One mandible/inferior jaw* One nasal bone/bridge of the nose*orbits for eyes

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The occipital bone is located at the

posterior base of the cranium

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The depressions where the eyes are found are called the

orbits

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The superior(upper) section of the sternum(breast bone) is called the

manubrium(handle)

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The medial(middle) section of the sternum(breast bone) is called the

gladiolus(blade)

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The inferior(bottom) section of the sternum(breast bone) is called the

xiphoid process(tip)

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The twelve pairs of ribs are arranged as follows

Ribs 1-7 are called the true ribs(vertebrosternal) Ribs 8-12 are called the false ribs(vertebrochondral) The last two false ribs are called floating ribs(vertebral)

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The lateral end of each scapula is called

the acromion process (means it sticks out)

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The muscles that move each arm are attached to a scapula at the

coracoid process(means it sticks out)

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The head of each humerus(superior arm) articulates with a

glenoid fossa(indentation)

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The bones of the pelvis include the

ilia, ischia & pubes (plural) ilium, ischium & pubis (singular)

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A typical vertebra(Spinal Column) consists of:

1.vertebral body 2.vertebral(neural) foramen 3.spinous process(means it sticks out) 4.two transverse processes(means it sticks out) 5.lamina 6.pedicles

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Spinal column/ A thick disk-shaped anterior(front) portion pierced with numerous small holes for nerves & blood vessels that nourish the bone called the

vertebral body

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Spinal column/ The passageway for the spinal cord called the

vertebral(neural) foramen

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Spinal column/ The posterior(rear/back) projection called the

spinous process(means it sticks out)

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Spinal column/ Two lateral(side) projections called

transverse processes(means it sticks out)

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Spinal column/ The posterior(rear/back) wall of each vertebral arch called the

lamina

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Spinal column/ The sections that connect each vertebral body to a vertebral arch and are notched to allow passageway for spinal nerves called

pedicules

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The surface of any typical bone will exhibit certain

projections called processes(means it sticks out) and depressions called fossa(means an indentation)

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Processes 1.Any sharp slender projection is referred to as a

spine

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Processes 2.A large prominence usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments is called a

tuberosity

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Processes 3.A rounded or knuckle-like prominence is referred to as a

condyle

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Processes 4.A small round process is referred to as a

tubercle

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Processes 5.A process shaped like a pulley is referred to as a

trochlea

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Processes 6.A very large projection is referred to as a

trochanter

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Processes 7.A narrow ridgeis referred to as a

crest

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Processes 8.A less prominent ridge is referred to as a

line

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Processes 9.A terminal enlargement is referred to as a

head

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Processes 10.The part of the bone that connects to the head is referred to as a

neck

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Fossae(indentation) 1.A narrow junction between two bones is referred to as a

suture

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Fossae(indentation) 2.An opening through which blood vessels, nerves & ligaments pass is referred to as a

foramen

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Fossae(indentation) 3.A long tube-like passage is referred to as a

canal

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Fossae(indentation) 4.A cavity within a bone is referred to as a

sinus or antrum

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Fossae(indentation) 5.A furrow or groove is referred to as a

sulcus

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How many bones does the human body have

206

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