Hum. Geo. Review Key Terms- Nov. 9, 2012
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| Demography | Study of population numbers, distribution, trends, and issues
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| Census | Process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data about all people living in a particular area
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| Developed Country | a country with a highly developed economy and infrastructure and high living standards
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| Developing Country | a country with a less sophisticated economy and lower standard of living than developed countries; may have extensive poverty
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| birth rate | number of births per 1000 people in a country in a given year
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| death rate | the number of deaths per 1000 people in a country in a given year
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| demographic transition model | a model that shows changes in a population's birth and death rates and growth based on technological development
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| industrialization | the overall change in a society from farm production and craftsmanship to mechanized manufacturing production
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| urbanization | the move of people from farms to cities where jobs are available
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| mortality | deaths in a population
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| immigration rate | number of new arrivals in a country in a given year per 1000 people
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| emigration rate | the number of people leaving a country in a given year per 1000 people
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| natural increase (NI) | the rate at which a population increases (or decreases) in a year expressed as a percentage of the total population; calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate
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| Exponential rate | a rapid rate of population growth as each generation doubles in size
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| Rule of 70 | the time it takes a country to double its population, approximately 70 divided by the country's growth rate
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| doubling time | the number of years it takes a country to double its population at its current growth rate
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| net migration | the difference between the number of people immigrating to a country and the number of people emigrating
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| migrant | a person who moves from one region to another
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| Life expectancy | the average number of years an individual is expected to live
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| Family planning | the concept of limiting the size of families
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| Rhythm method | a method of birth control in which a couple does not have intercourse during the time when a woman is likely to ovulate
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| Sterilization | a procedure by which a person's ability to reproduce is destroyed
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| Vasectomy | a form of male sterilization in which the tube carrying sperm from each testis is cut and tied
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| Coercion | the use of force
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| Contraception | birth control
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| Total Fertility Rate | the average number of children born over the lifetime of a typical woman in a particular country
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| One-child policy | a policy adopted by China to control population growth
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| Infanticide | the act of killing an infant
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| Gender selection | the choice of whether to keep a fetus based on its gender
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| Nutritional Density | a measure of how much nutrition in calories can be produced from a certain area; an area with fertile soil and adequate temperatures and precipitation will have a higher nutritional density than an area such as Canada's North
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| Population Growth Rate | the rate at which a country's population increases or decreases;calculated by adding natural increase and net migration
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| Dependency Ratio | the proportion of the population (children and those over 65 years of age) that is being supported by the working age group
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| Dependency Load | the percentage of a population that is younger than 15 or older than 64 years of age
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| Population Distribution | the pattern of where people live in an area
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| Ecumene | the populated area of the world
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| Population Density | the number of people living in a given area; calculated by diving the population by its area
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| Population Pyramid | A bar graph that shows male and female populations back to back at age intervals of five years
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| Age Cohort | an age group in a population, for example, the number of people between the ages of 10 and 14
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| Neo-Malthusians | people who share Malthus' pessimistic views regarding population growth
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| Carrying Capacity | the maximum number of people that can be sustained by an environment
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| Ecological Footprint | the impact of humans on the environment
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| Cornucopians | people who have optimistic views on population growth due to advances in science and technology
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| Demographic Regulation | the theory that population growth will level off as living standards improve
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| Infrastructure | structures such as roads, railways, power grids, and communications links that are basic to the functioning of a modern economy, as well as buildings such as schools and hospitals
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| Newly Industrialized Countries | countries that are experiencing rapid economic and industrial growth; many are switching from agricultural to industrial economies
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| heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) | countries at the low end of the UN human development index that are in debt to developed nations
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| Human Development Index | the UN's index is used to rank standards of living in its member countries
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| standard of living | a measure comparing how well people live in different countries based on three indicators; life expectancy, literacy rate, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
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| literacy rate | the percentage of a population that is able to read and write
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| GDP per capita | gross domestic product, or the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, divided by the population
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| non-governmental organizations(NGOs) | non-profit local, national, or international groups that work independently of government on issues such as health, the environment, or human rights
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| Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) | eight goals developed by the member states of the UN to close the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries
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| Globalization | the spread of ideas, information, and culture around the world through advances in communication, technology, and travel
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| Multinational Corporations (MNCs) | Companies that do business in more than one country
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| World Bank | an international group of five financial institutions that provide financial and technical help to developing countries
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| Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) | originally created as the organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to administer the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the Second World War; OECD's mission is to improve living standards in developing countries
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| bilateral aid | assistance from one country to another
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| subsistence farming | a form of farming in which the crops grown are used to feed the farmer and his or her family, with little or nothing left over to sell or trade
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| desertification | the spread of desert-like conditions in an area, sometimes cause by human activity
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| ethnic cleansing | the elimination of one ethnic group from an area by another ethnic group
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| United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | a UN organization that helps build peace, fight poverty, and promote sustainable development through education, the sciences culture, communication, and information
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| foreign aid | aid from rich, industrialized countries to poorer, developing countries
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| official development assistance (ODA) | aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people
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| multilateral aid | aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank
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| Tied Aid | aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached
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| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | an international organization designed to promote economic stability and development
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| megaproject | a very large-scale, costly project to help develop infrastructure, such as building roads, dams, or irrigation systems
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| commodities | goods or services that are bought or sold
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| structural adjustment programs (SAPs) | programs designed by the World Bank and IMF to adjust the economies of developing countries as a condition of receiving loans
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| United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | a UN organization that works to protect children's rights, to make sure the basic needs of children are met and to help children reach their full potential; originally called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
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| Bonded Labour | (debt bondage) paying off a loan with labour rather than money; bonded labourers often work for very little pay and their labour is worht more than the original debt
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| subsidies | grants from the government, intended to help people
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| world health organization (WHO) | a UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services
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| Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) | Canada's leading development agency for assistance to the developing world
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| Sustainable Development | a way to maintain economic growth without damaging the environment
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| Earth Summit | a meeting of world leaders, held in rio de janeiro, brazil, in 1992, to discuss environmental changes and sustainable development
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| agenda 21 | a statement of environmental action, produced at the 1992 earth summit, that outlines actions that should be taken to protect the planet and achieve sustainable development
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| herbicides | substances used to kill plants
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| pesticides | substances used to kill pests such as unwanted plants and animals
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| organic | grown or produced without chemical fertilizers or pesticides
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| Co2 Emissions | carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning of fossil fuels; largest contributor to global warming
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| biodiversity | having a variety of life forms
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| ecotourism | tourism to threatened areas that tries to be low-impact and small-scale
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| biosphere | regions of earth occupied by living organisms, made up of all the ecozones
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| stewardship | careful management of resources to ensure that they are sustainable
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| permafrost | subsoil that remains frozen all year long
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| carrying capacity | the largest population that an environment can support
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| deforestation | the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else
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| Global Warming | the observed and projected increase in the earth's average temperature due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
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| ecology | the science concerned with the relationship between living things and their environment
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| Acid Precipitation | any form of precipitation that is high in sulfuric and nitric acids as a result of pollution in the air
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| Protected Areas Strategy (PAS) | a plan to preserve approximately 12 percent of B.C.'s provincial land for parks, recreation, and wilderness
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| watersheds | river basins drained by a river and flowing into the same large body of water
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| groundwater | water beneath Earth's surface in underground streams and other forms
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| surface water | water that is readily available on Earth's surface in streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, and oceans
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| Wastewater | water that has been used in homes or industries and, as a result, contains waste products
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| watermilfoil weed | a plant that grows and spreads quickly, choking out native plants, affecting spawning areas for fish, and posing a safety problem if it grows around public beaches
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| Aquifer | an underground layer of rock, gravel, etc., from which water can be drawn for wells and which is a source of springs
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| Peatlands | wetlands with soil formed mostly from decomposing plants
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| greenhouse effect | greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere causing earth's temperature to rise
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| Kyoto Protocol | an international agreement that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; the average target is 5 percent of 1990 levels by 2008-2012
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| carbon credit | if an organization produces more greenhouse gases than it is allowed, it can purchase a credit from an organization that is below its target emission levels
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| carbon footprint | the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a produce or service
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| troposphere | the lowest level of Earth's atmosphere
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| ozone layer | A layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 10 km (6.2 miles) containing a high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun
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| Aerosols | A substance enclosed under pressure and able to be released as a fine spray, typically by means of a propellant gas
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| Alternative Energy Sources | Energy sources different from those in widespread use at the moment (which are referred to as conventional). Alternative energy usually includes solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric and geothermal energy
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| Sustainable energy | energy produced both from renewable resources or by use of clean production technology
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| Bali Road map | two-year process to finalizing a binding agreement in 2009 in Copenhagen
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| Copenhagen 2009 | The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December.
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| Anthropogenic (human) | (chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) Originating in human activity
-anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide
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