Body Structures Chapters 10 + 11 Page 219
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| Nerve cells are AKA | neurons.
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| The axon is the portion of a neuron that | carries impulses from one neuron to the next.
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| The axon is surrounded by a protective lipoprotein called | myelin sheaths.
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| The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at | 200 miles/second.
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| Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at | 0.5 meter/second.
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| A degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called | multiple sclerosis (MS).
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| CNS stands for | central nervous system.
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| The CNS is made up of the | brain and spinal cord.
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| The brain makes ____________ calculations/second to maintain body functions. | 100 trillion
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| The brain contains | 100,000,000,000 neurons.
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| The PNS stands for | peripheral nervous system.
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| The PNS is made up of | all the nerves except the brain and spinal cord.
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| The PNS is made up of | 1. Sensory neurons AKA
afferent neurons.
2. Motor neurons AKA
efferent neurons.
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| Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for | interpretation.
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| Changes in the environment are called | stimuli.
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| Motor (efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the | muscles to facilitate movement.
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| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | dopamine.
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| A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called | Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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| The ANS stands for | autonomic nervous system.
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| The ANS is considered | involuntary (reflex).
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| These reflexes include: | coughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
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| The ANS is subdivided into the | 1. Sympathetic division AKA
“fight or flight reactions.”
2. The parasympathetic division.
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| The sympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter (chemical) called | norepinephrine (NE) to transmit impulses.
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| The parasympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine (Ach) to transmit impulses.
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes: | a. Digestive processes.
b. Reproductive processes.
c. Eupnea.
d. Normal heart rate (HR).
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are: | a. Tachycardia.
b. Tachypnea.
c. Bronchodilation.
d. Pupillary dilation.
e. Pallor due to
shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of the arms and legs, brain, heart, and lungs.
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| The largest part of the brain is called the | cerebrum.
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| The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the | cerebral cortex.
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| The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called | hemispheres.
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| These hemispheres are connected and communicate by the | corpus callosum.
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| Sections of the brain are called | lobes.
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| The frontal lobe controls: | 1. Voluntary muscle function.
2. Moods.
3. Aggression.
4. Smell reception (olfactory).
5. Motivation.
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as: | 1. Touch.
2. Pain.
3. Balance.
4. Taste.
5. Temperature.
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| The temporal lobes evaluate: | 1. Hearing input.
2. Smell.
3. Memory.
4. Judgment.
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| The occipital lobe functions in receiving and interpreting | visual input.
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| Depression, migraines, anxiety, appetite, sexuality, and bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | serotonin.
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| The second largest portion of the brain is called the | cerebellum.
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| The cerebellum is located at the | posterior base of the brain.
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| The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for | coordination and balance.
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| The brain stem consists of the: | 1. Medulla oblongata.
2. Pons Varolii.
3. Midbrain.
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| The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling: | 1. Consciousness and arousal.
2. Regulation of diameter of blood vessels (BP).
3. Heart rate (HR).
4. Ventilation (breathing).
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| The midbrain acts as the connection between the | cerebrum and the spinal cord.
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| The thalamus is the | principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex.
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| The hypothalamus controls: | 1. The pituitary gland.
2. Feelings of rage and aggression.
3. Body temperature.
4. Thirst.
5. Sleep.
6. Food intake (satiation).
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| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the | medulla oblongata.
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| The length of the spinal cord is approximately | 16 -18 inches.
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| The function of the spinal cord is to | 1. Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain.
2. Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery.
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| Branching off the spinal cord are the | 31 paired spinal nerves.
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| Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the | adjacent vertebrae.
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| Spinal nerves consist of: | 8 cervical pairs.
12 thoracic pairs.
5 lumbar pairs.
5 sacral pairs.
1 coccygeal pair.
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| The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called | meninges.
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| The outermost meninx is called the | dura mater (tough mother).
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| The middle meninx is called the | arachnoid membrane (spider layer).
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| The innermost meninx is called the | pia mater (delicate mother).
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| Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the | subdural space.
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| The subdural space contains | serous fluid.
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| Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the | subarachnoid space.
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| The subarachnoid space contains | CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).
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| CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord through cavities called | ventricles.
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| The CSF serves as a | shock absorber and circulates nutrients.
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| The brain has 12 cranial nerves | I. Olfactory(S), II. Optic(S), III. Oculomotor(M),IV. Trochlear(M),V. Trigeminal(B)
VI. Abducens (M)
VII. Facial (B)
VIII. Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) (S)
IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)
X. Vagus (B)
XI. Spinal accessory (M), XII. Hypoglossal (M)
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