The Urinary System Chapter 17
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| The functions of the kidneys include | Removal of nitrogenous(N) wastes from the blood *Maintaining blood volume & electrolyte(salt) balance *Maintaining pH balance of the blood acidity vs. alkalinity(base) *Production of renin *Production of eyrthropoietin *Conversion of vitamin D
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| Nitrogenous(N) wastes include | *Urea *Uric Acid *Creatinine *Ammonia(NH3)
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| The electrolytes("lytes") include | *Sodium(Na+) *Potassium(K+) *Chloride(Cl-) *Calcium(Ca+) *Phosphate(PO4-) *Magnesium(Mg+) *Sulfate(SO4-)
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| Remember where salt goes | water follows
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| Healthy adults need no more than | 2300 mg of Na+(sodium) daily(NEJM2010)
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| Maintaining pH balance of the blood acidity vs. alkalinity(base) by the interaction of | carbonic acid(H2CO3) & bicarbonate(HCO3)(alkalinity)
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| Production of renin which will | regulate Blood Pressure(BP)
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| Production of erythropoietin which aids in | erythrocyte(RBCs) formation
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| Conversion of vitamin D into its active form is called | calciferol (need vitamin D for absorption of calcium(Ca))
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| The paired kidneys are located in the | retroperitoneal(flank) region
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| The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large area occupied by the | liver
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| A kidney is the size of a | fist
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| The outer covering of each kidney is called the | renal capsule
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| The outermost layer of each kidney is called the | renal cortex
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| The middle layer of each kidney is called the | renal medulla
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| A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall is called | renal fascia(so they stay in place)
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| The tubes(vessels, ducts) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are called | ureters
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| Each ureter connects to a kidney at the | renal pelvis
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| Each renal pelvis is made up of funnel shaped structures called | calices(calyx/singular) (finger like stubs)
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| Kidney cells are called | nephrons(microscopic)
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| Each kidney has approximately | 1,000,000 (one million) nephrons
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| The vessels carrying oxygenated blood to be filtered by the kidneys are called the | right & left renal arteries
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| Every minute approximately______mL of blood passes through the kidneys | 1200
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| The fluid that the kidneys ultimately eliminate from the body is called | urine
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| Normal urine is | 1. clear or yellow 2. clean (free of pathogens)
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| A routine test performed on urine is called a | UrinAlysis(UA)
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| Normal urine production is approximately | 56mL/hour (approximately 60 mL--(1oz = 30mL
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| Urine is transported from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder primarily by | peristalsis
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| the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located | posterior to the public symphysis
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| The average capacity of the urinary bladder is | 700-800mL(about 1/2 of a 2 liter bottle)
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| Stretch receptors in the bladder wall will transmit nerve impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord when the urine level reaches | 200-400mL
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| These impulses initiate the conscious desire to | urinate(micturition) or void (micturate)
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| The sphincters that control the flow of urine are called the | internal(involuntary/no control) & external (voluntary/control) urinary(urethral) sphincters
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| The inability to control the urinary (urethral) sphincters is called | enuresis or urinary incontinence
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| The urethra is the | tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world
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| The opening of the urethra to the outside world is called the urinary | meatus(orifice / os)
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| In females the urethra is approximately | 1.5 inches long
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| The female urinary meatus is located between the | clitoris & vaginal orifice
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| In males the urethra is approximately | 8 inches long
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| A male urinary meatus is located at the distal(end) portion of the | glans penis(enlarged tip, foreskin/prepuce)
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| In males the urethra carries | 1.Urine 2.Spermatozoa 3.Semen
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| The reproductive & urinary systems are referred to as the | GenitoUrinary(GU) system
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| Blood tests commonly used to detect Nitrogenous(N) waste include | 1.BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) 2.Creatinine Clearance(Cc) 3.Cystatin C (Cys C) ****are all blood tests to tell if kidneys are working*****
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| IVP stands for | IntraVenous Pyelogram (pyelo=renal pelvis)
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| An IntraVenous Pyelogram(renal pelvis) is an | X-ray of the renal pelves after injection of an IntraVenous(IV) radiopaque dye
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| hematuria | a condition of blood in the urine(trauma)
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| pyuria | a condition of pus in the urine(infection)
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| bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine
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| glycosuria | a condition of sugar(glucose) in the urine(DM - diabetes mellitus)
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| ketonuria | a condition of ketones(acetone) in the urine (fat metabolism)
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| albuminuria | albumin(blood protein) in the urine
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| HemoDialysis(HD) | artifical removal of toxins from the blood
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| CAPD | Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
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| The vessels carrying deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys are called the | right and left renal veins
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