Chap14-15-16-17
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ether | oxygen atom is attached by single bonds to two carbon groups - alkyls or aromatic rings
🗑
|
||||
| "ETHER oxygen or hydrogen on the carbon | Oxygen indicates "ether"
🗑
|
||||
| Dioxin | Infamous cyclic ether - formed during forest fires-used in Agent Orange
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohols-can they hydrogen bond with water? | YES-the --OH - the oxygen is polar
🗑
|
||||
| Boiling points in alcohol -- higher or lower than alkanes | alchohols have higher boiling points than alkanes
🗑
|
||||
| Phenol - soluble in water? | Yes, because the hydroxyl group ionizes slightly as a weak acid
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohols - dehydration | Alcohols lose a water molecule - as H and OH are removed from ADJACENT carbon atoms - which then forms a double bond
🗑
|
||||
| Saytzeff's rule | In the dehydration of an alcohol, hydrogen is removed from the carbon that already has the smallest number of hydrogen atoms--to form an alkene
🗑
|
||||
| How do ethers form? | When dehydration of alcohols occurs at lower temperatures -need acid catalyst - one H and the --OH are removed from ADJACENT molecules
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidation in organic chemistry | It's the loss of hydrogen atoms or the addition of oxygen--an oxidation reaction occurs when there is an increase in the number of carbon-oxygen bonds
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidation-reduction in organic chemistry | In a reduction, the product has fewer bonds between carbon and oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| In the oxidation of an organic compound, | a.) there is an increase in C--O bonds b.)there is a loss of H
🗑
|
||||
| In reduction of organic compound | there is a decrease on C--O bonds b. there is a gain of H
🗑
|
||||
| Ethanol (drinking alcohol) | ethyl alchol becomes acetaldehyde (impairs coordination) then acetic acid
🗑
|
||||
| thiols | When thiols undergo oxidation - an H atom is lost from each of two -SH groups - the product is a disulfide
🗑
|
||||
| aldehydes | Carbonyl group (C==O) C double-bond with O - is then bonded to one hydrogen atom---and then on to another carbon, alkyl group, etc.
🗑
|
||||
| Ketone | The carbonyl group is bonded to TWO alkyl groups or aromatic rings
🗑
|
||||
| What do aldehydes & ketones have that makes them important? | They have a "lone" oxygen sticking out which has two electrons which are electronegative
🗑
|
||||
| Tollen's test | Tollens tests aldehydes--"mirrors" them --looks silvery
🗑
|
||||
| Benedicts' test | Cu2+ reacts with aldehydes that have an adjacent OH group
🗑
|
||||
| Cyclic Hemiacetals | Important in organic chemistry - glucose, a simple sugar, forms a "ring" and becomes stable
🗑
|
||||
| Lord of the "rings" | glucose - 99% exists as hemicetal ring in aqueous solution
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrates | a simple or complex sugar composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| glucose (simple sugar) is oxidized in a series of metabolic reactions known as | respiration
🗑
|
||||
| What are the products of respiration? (after glucose goes through metabolic reactions | CO2 and water (H2O)
🗑
|
||||
| Monosaccharides | A simple carbohydrate that cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates - glucose C12H22O11
🗑
|
||||
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides units joined together (orginary table sugar)
🗑
|
||||
| Do monosaccharides have branches on their carbon chains? | No--they have 3 to 8 carbon atoms - one is a carbonyl group (the rest are hydroxyl groups)
🗑
|
||||
| aldose | A monosaccharide with the carbonyl group on the first carbon --CHO
🗑
|
||||
| ketose | A ketose contains the caronyl group on the second carbon atome as a ketone C==O (C double-bond O)
🗑
|
||||
| "HO"s are bad - L-(to the left on a Fischer projection) | "OH"s are good - D's on a Fischer projection
🗑
|
||||
| How do you find the "OH" group that makes is an L or D configuration? | Count the one farthest from the carbonyl group
🗑
|
||||
| enantiomers | Stereo isomers that are mirror images that cannot be superimposed on each other
🗑
|
||||
| anomers | Are the --OH groups up or down on a carbon ring (hemiacetal)? It makes a big difference!
🗑
|
||||
| A cyclic hemiacetal (carbon ring) has an --OH group drawn DOWN on the right side | this is ALPHA anomers
🗑
|
||||
| why is D-glucose called a reducing sugar? | Because D-glucose is easily oxidized by Benedict's reagent. A carbohydrate that reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ is called a reducing sugar
🗑
|
||||
| glycosidic bond | When hydroxyl groups react with each other (forming monosaccharides into di- or poly-saccharides) this is the bond
🗑
|
||||
| Carboxylic acids | An OH-hydroxyl group is attached to a carobonyl C double-bond) group forming a carboxyl group
🗑
|
||||
| What can carboxylic acids attach to? | They can attach to an alkyl group or an aromatic group
🗑
|
||||
| What do they form | They form weak acids, example Formic acid (bee stings)
🗑
|
||||
| Is Vinegar a carboyxylic acid? | Yes, and so is the "acid" in wines and butyric acid gives foul odor to rancid butter
🗑
|
||||
| Carboxylic acids - properties | Higher boiling points (among most polor of organic compounds) - they are acid - can form salts
🗑
|
||||
| In metabolism, what do carboxylic acids do? | Pyruvic acid is used in the muscles
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohols react & form esters | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| fluid mosaic model of cell membrane | lipids - with polar heads pointed out toward water outside the cell and also pointed under & out toward middle of cell
🗑
|
||||
| Active transport in cell | needed substances are actively to the cell
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
walterina4327