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Biochem
Chap14-15-16-17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ether | oxygen atom is attached by single bonds to two carbon groups - alkyls or aromatic rings |
| "ETHER oxygen or hydrogen on the carbon | Oxygen indicates "ether" |
| Dioxin | Infamous cyclic ether - formed during forest fires-used in Agent Orange |
| Alcohols-can they hydrogen bond with water? | YES-the --OH - the oxygen is polar |
| Boiling points in alcohol -- higher or lower than alkanes | alchohols have higher boiling points than alkanes |
| Phenol - soluble in water? | Yes, because the hydroxyl group ionizes slightly as a weak acid |
| Alcohols - dehydration | Alcohols lose a water molecule - as H and OH are removed from ADJACENT carbon atoms - which then forms a double bond |
| Saytzeff's rule | In the dehydration of an alcohol, hydrogen is removed from the carbon that already has the smallest number of hydrogen atoms--to form an alkene |
| How do ethers form? | When dehydration of alcohols occurs at lower temperatures -need acid catalyst - one H and the --OH are removed from ADJACENT molecules |
| Oxidation in organic chemistry | It's the loss of hydrogen atoms or the addition of oxygen--an oxidation reaction occurs when there is an increase in the number of carbon-oxygen bonds |
| Oxidation-reduction in organic chemistry | In a reduction, the product has fewer bonds between carbon and oxygen |
| In the oxidation of an organic compound, | a.) there is an increase in C--O bonds b.)there is a loss of H |
| In reduction of organic compound | there is a decrease on C--O bonds b. there is a gain of H |
| Ethanol (drinking alcohol) | ethyl alchol becomes acetaldehyde (impairs coordination) then acetic acid |
| thiols | When thiols undergo oxidation - an H atom is lost from each of two -SH groups - the product is a disulfide |
| aldehydes | Carbonyl group (C==O) C double-bond with O - is then bonded to one hydrogen atom---and then on to another carbon, alkyl group, etc. |
| Ketone | The carbonyl group is bonded to TWO alkyl groups or aromatic rings |
| What do aldehydes & ketones have that makes them important? | They have a "lone" oxygen sticking out which has two electrons which are electronegative |
| Tollen's test | Tollens tests aldehydes--"mirrors" them --looks silvery |
| Benedicts' test | Cu2+ reacts with aldehydes that have an adjacent OH group |
| Cyclic Hemiacetals | Important in organic chemistry - glucose, a simple sugar, forms a "ring" and becomes stable |
| Lord of the "rings" | glucose - 99% exists as hemicetal ring in aqueous solution |
| carbohydrates | a simple or complex sugar composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| glucose (simple sugar) is oxidized in a series of metabolic reactions known as | respiration |
| What are the products of respiration? (after glucose goes through metabolic reactions | CO2 and water (H2O) |
| Monosaccharides | A simple carbohydrate that cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates - glucose C12H22O11 |
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides units joined together (orginary table sugar) |
| Do monosaccharides have branches on their carbon chains? | No--they have 3 to 8 carbon atoms - one is a carbonyl group (the rest are hydroxyl groups) |
| aldose | A monosaccharide with the carbonyl group on the first carbon --CHO |
| ketose | A ketose contains the caronyl group on the second carbon atome as a ketone C==O (C double-bond O) |
| "HO"s are bad - L-(to the left on a Fischer projection) | "OH"s are good - D's on a Fischer projection |
| How do you find the "OH" group that makes is an L or D configuration? | Count the one farthest from the carbonyl group |
| enantiomers | Stereo isomers that are mirror images that cannot be superimposed on each other |
| anomers | Are the --OH groups up or down on a carbon ring (hemiacetal)? It makes a big difference! |
| A cyclic hemiacetal (carbon ring) has an --OH group drawn DOWN on the right side | this is ALPHA anomers |
| why is D-glucose called a reducing sugar? | Because D-glucose is easily oxidized by Benedict's reagent. A carbohydrate that reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ is called a reducing sugar |
| glycosidic bond | When hydroxyl groups react with each other (forming monosaccharides into di- or poly-saccharides) this is the bond |
| Carboxylic acids | An OH-hydroxyl group is attached to a carobonyl C double-bond) group forming a carboxyl group |
| What can carboxylic acids attach to? | They can attach to an alkyl group or an aromatic group |
| What do they form | They form weak acids, example Formic acid (bee stings) |
| Is Vinegar a carboyxylic acid? | Yes, and so is the "acid" in wines and butyric acid gives foul odor to rancid butter |
| Carboxylic acids - properties | Higher boiling points (among most polor of organic compounds) - they are acid - can form salts |
| In metabolism, what do carboxylic acids do? | Pyruvic acid is used in the muscles |
| Alcohols react & form esters | (blank) |
| fluid mosaic model of cell membrane | lipids - with polar heads pointed out toward water outside the cell and also pointed under & out toward middle of cell |
| Active transport in cell | needed substances are actively to the cell |
Created by:
walterina4327