Striated msucle cont
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| function of muscle and list 3 types of muscle | -to generate force or movemnet in response to a physiologicla stiumulus
example, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
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| major function of skeletal muscle | -control voluntary movement of bone underlie locomotion and work produciton
-control breathing cycle of lung (diaphragm)
-pump assisting in delivery venous blood
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| major function of cardiac msucle | -specific to heard
-biomechanical pump which is driving force to delivery blood to lung and tissue
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| major function of smooth muscle | -mechanical control of organ system
(digestive, urinary & reproductive tract, blood vessels of circulatory system, airway passage of respiratory system
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| what is the common initiation trigger to all 3 types of muscle movement | - chemical neurotransmitter, paracrine factor, or by direct electrical excitation
-a rise in free cytosolic calcium concentration
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| structure of skeletal muscle | myofilament -> sarcromer -> myofibril -> myofiber -> fascicle -> muscle
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| Sarcolemma | the plasma membrane underneath endomysium of the muscle cell
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| Endomysium | external sheath surround single muscle fibers
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| Perimysium | an external sheath around fascicle
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| Epimysium | an external sheath extedning from tendon which surround the whole muscle
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| Neuromuscular Junction | the synapse formed when motor nerve axon contact muscle fiber near the middle of fiber
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| Motor end plate | specialized region of sarcolemma in cloest contact iwht pregynatic nerve terminal
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| In physiological excitation of skeletal muscle, what chemical binding trigger action potential | Ach (acetylcholine)
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| what does Ach binding to nicotinic receptor trigger? | graded depolarizing end-plate potential or actional potential if the membrane potential is over firing threshold
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| how many motor neuron does one single muscle cell respond to? | 1
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| Motor unti | group of muscle fiber innervate by all of the collateral branches of a single motor neuron
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| Innervation Ratio | it is determined by the number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron. Therefore wide range of forces and a graded range of shortening can be gernerated
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| Example o small innervation ratio movemnet | High-precision movement of extraocular muscle, control positioning movement of eyes
3 muscles fibers per neuron
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| Example of large innervation ratio movement | postural control by soleus muscle
200 muscles fibers per neuron
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| Why striated muscle has striated appearance? | -they have highly organized sacromere within thick and thin filament
the alternating light and dark band contribute to the striated appearance
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| A band | -dark region
-region of myosin (thick) filament
antisotropic to polarized light
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| I band | -region where thin (actin) filament is not overlapped with think filament
-istropic to polarized light
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| Z disk | -dark line in the middle of I band
-tether thin filament with single myfibril together and teher each myofibril to its neighbor and align sarcomere
-the diameter of the myofibril
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| Sarcomere | -repeat unit between one Z disc to another
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| how many thin filament surround thick filament in a cross section view when thick and thin filament overlap | 6 actin thin filament srround each thick filament (myosin)
-hexagonal array
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| During contraction, which band change length and which one remain constant | I band shorten and A band remain unchanged
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| structure of thin filament | -Actin
13 individual actin monomer ==> single strand of Factin filament x 2 ==> double-strand alpha helical polyer
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| two regulatory actin-protein binding protein associate with F actin | tropomyosin & troponin
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| How many actin monomer does 1 tropomyosin reacting with | Seven
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| function of tropomyosin | regulating the binding of myosin head group to actin
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| How alpha helix dose tropomyosin has | 2 identical alpha-helics that coil sround each other
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| List each component of Troponin | 1) Troponin T : bind to Tropomyosin
2) Troponin C : bind calcium ion, closely related to calmodulin (another calcium binding protein)
3) Troponin I: bind actin which inhibit contraction
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| Troponin Complex | troponin heterotrimer subunit: (T, I, C) which interact directly with actin filament
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| Structure of Myosin | Hexamer with 2 heavy chain, 2 alkali light chain and 2 regulatory light chain
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| component of heavy chain of myosin | 1) rod: alpha helics that wrap around each other, the tail of myosin
2) hinge: molecules flare open to form 2 globular head
3) Head: binding site for actin, binding site for ATP hydrolysis, 1 essential and regulatory light china
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| Function of alkali light chain of myosin | essential for myosin stabilization
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| function of regulatory light chain of myosin | regulate ATPase activity of myosin through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in calcium dependent and independent kinase
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| Importance of head region of heavy chain | region where cross-bridges between the thick and thin filament of the sarcomere
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| Titin | -large protein run alongside with thick filament
-tethered from M line to each neighboring Z disk
-involve in elastic behavior of muscle
-maintaining the resting length of muscle during relaxation
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| Nebulin | -large protein that wrap around the actin filament
-run from Z disk
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| M line | the attachment of myosin molecules within the thick filament
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| effect of concentration of intracellular calcium ion on cross-bridge cycling | increase Ca2+, Allow cross-bridge cycling to continue
Decrease Ca2+,stop the cross-bridge cycling and muscle relax
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| 2 calcium binding site on Troponin C | 1) N loob (low affinity calcium binding site)
bind and release calcium when it rise or fall in sacroplasm, regulate binding of actin to myosin
2) C lobe (high affinity site), occupied by calcium or magnesium in a physiological condition
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| Effect of binding Ca2+ to the low affinity site of troponin | confirmation change in troponin complex
1) Troponin I, move away from actin/tromyosin filament and permitting tromyosin molecule to move
2)Toponin T, push tropomyosin away from actin filament into the groove and allow myosin to bind to actin
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| List the steps in Cross-bridge cycle | 1) ATP Binding (release from rigid state)
2) ATP Hydrolysis (myosin move to new position)
3) Cross-bridge formation (cross-bridge state)
4) P dissociate from myosin (power stroke)
5) ADP dissociate from myosin (rigid state of myocin-actin complex)
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| Rigor mortis | -extreme muscle rigidity, develop after death from lack of ATP
-myosin head remind 45 degree respect o actin and myosin filament
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| What must be present for myosin to be release from actin | ATP
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| At which step does skeletal and cardiac muscle control contraction cycle? | cross-bridge formation step
skeletal and cardiac muscle will prevent cross-bridge formation until tropomyosin move out actin in response to increase calcium concentration
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| how to classify different muscle types | 1)its histological appearance
2) how muscle is controlled
3) its anatomical position
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| how different muscle type innverated? | skeletal muscle: electrical nerve activation
cardiac muscle: electrical signal generate inside the heart itself
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| straited muscle vs smooth muscle in muscle movement | 1) straited muscle move by sliding actin and myosin filament through process of cross-bridge formation, power storke and regulated by calcium and ATP
2) smooth muscle has similar process except Myosin light chain kinase is needed to phosphylate myosin
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| list 3 properties of muscle tissue | contractile, excitable, extensible
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| what is the function of satellite cell | it has limited ability for skeletal muscle repair and growth.
however it has limited turnover rate
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| Where do we find satellite cell? | found around adult muscle fibers
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| what does satellite cell differentiate into? | myocytes
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| 2 clinical correlation with satellite cell | 1) Duchenne muscular dystophy (depletion of satellite cell and lack of dystrophy)
2) satellite cell activity decrease with age
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| sacro | flesh
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| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cell
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| Sarcolemma | plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cell
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell
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| What is specific function of sarcoplasmic reticulum? | it is highly specialized for calcium storage
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| Sarcomere | structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle
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| what is the myofiber made up of? | it is individual muscle cell made up of bundles of protein called myofibril
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| What is the main component of myofibril? | actin + myosin
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| what filament attach to Z disc? | actin filament
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| What filament attach to M line | Myosin filament
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| which band of sacromere shorten during contraction? | I band and H zone
A band remain the same length
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| where do we find dystrophin on the sarcomere? | It is on Z disc and attach actin to the cell
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| Golgi tendon organ | - Specialized proprioceptive receptor (sense position within 3D space)
- increase afferent output when muscle is contract
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| Muscle spindle | -specialized stretch receptor within Muscle
-provide information on the degree of muscle stretching
-increase afferent output in response to stretch
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| what happen to golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle when muscle is contracted? | the Golgi tendon will increase its afferent out frequency
Muscle spindle will remain the same or decrease as it mainly response to stretching
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| what happen to golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle when muscle is stretched? | the muscle spindle will increase its afferent output while golgi tendon organ will not
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| what type of junction we found in intercalated disc of cardiac muscle | 1) demosome, prevent cell from fall apart
2) gap junction: transmission of AP
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| what is the shape of smooth muscle during relaxation? | cigar shaped nucleus
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| what is the shape of smooth muscle during contraction? | spiral shaped nucleus
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| What type contraction does smooth muscle produce? | Involuntary , weak and slow contraction
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| which two muscle tissue are uninucleate? | Cardiac and smooth muscle
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| how does smooth muscle arrange to contribute to its peristalsis movement? | ALternate contraction between inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
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| what happen if we contract the inner circular layer? | the diameter of cell decrease and length of cell increase
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| What happen if we contract the outer circular layer? | the diameter of cell increase and length of cell decrease
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| What is difference between smooth and striated muscle contraction? | Striated muscle contact by shortening the length.
Smooth muscle around tubular organ, contract and move in wave (peristalsis) through alternation contraction of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.
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| Give an example of area where smooth muscle is undergo constant regeneration? | Uterine wall (highly active cell regenerate during menstrual cycle)
-can form benign tumor (fibroid) due to high replication rate
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| What is presence to control the peristalsis movement of smooth muscle | Nerve tissue between 2 layers
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