BIO 02
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| Mutation | Allel Frequency due to Mutation; Always change new genes; can convert one allel to another
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| Conditions that change allele frequency | Nonrandom mating; migration; genetic drift; mutation; natural selection
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| Variation in population | inharited due to envrionment; only genetic compant passed to offspring; mutation and sexual recomination lands in variation
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| Molecular biology | DNA codes bacteria; RNA is made of DNA
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| Comparative embrology | Comparison of the anatomy of structures during early development of early species
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| Homology | Vestigal organs or structures that serve no purpose
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| Biogeography | Geographical distribution of species
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| Fossil record | Organize sequence of fossils as they appear in rock; passing of time; reveals appearance in organism tin historical sequence
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| evidence of evolution | Fossil record; biogeography; Comparitive embryology
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| evolution | led over 1.5 million; biological evolution = population of organisms across generations
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| natural selection | some individual have traits that leave more surviving offspring; alters genectic makeup of populaiton through time; evolution etheory is foundation of modern biology
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| Darwin | made observations of finches (all produce an excess number of offspring but some numbers of population survivs
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| Alcoholic femintation | yeast generates alcohol and CO2
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| Lactic acid | is in animal cells
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| ATP from femintation | no new ATP is made during fermination; organisms that use fermination only gain 2 ATP from glycolosis
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| What happens in Fermentation | Pryuvate is broken down to produce alcholol by releasing CO2; produces one of several acids
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| Cell Respiration | During Day photosynthisis is faster then resperation which increases in glucose and O2 production; at night no photosynthesis; no glucose or O2 produced
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| H+ Gradient | tied to production of ATP; combines with ATP made in other steps to get 36-40 ATP per molecule of glucose
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| Citric Acid Cycle | starts with 4 Carbon molecules; Makes 2 ATP
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| Transition reaction | Connect glycolysis to cell respiration; pyruvate converted to coenzyme; 2 carbon dioxide released; electrons move from pryuvate to NADA
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| Pyruvate | Pivital metobolite; if 02 is present enters mitochondria; if O2 is not present it stays in cytoplasm and undergoes fementation
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| Glycolysis | takes place in cytoplasm; breaking glycose into 2 pyruvate molecules
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| Enzymes | 2 needed for cell respiration are NAD and FAD; both are electron carriers
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| Cellular respiration | Glucose + 6CO2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
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| Migration | Individuals move and migrate from one population to another; genectic effects seen in humans
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| Prokaryotes | numbers out eukaryote; thrive in area where too hot, cold, salty, acidic, alkanic for Eurkayote
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| Genetic drift | Change in allele freqency when small group seperates from large group; mate amoung themselves; change is random; more pronounced
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| Non random mating | individuals of one genotype reproduce more often with eachother than others
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| Protozoa | live by ingesting food like animals. They thrive in aquatic areas
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| Slime molds | like fungi feed on dead animals. find in soil, lawn, forest
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| Unicellular fungi | photosynthetic; exist in freshwater
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| Seaweeds | Multicellular; need saltwater, H2O, light, and a place to attach
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| Vasular plants | have system to transport; widely successful on land; two types of transport: Xylem (carry water) and Phylum (food)
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| Seedless plants | Ferns most common; horsetails / club mosses; reproductive by windblown ferns
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| Seed Vascular plants | Gymosperms; angiosperm; seed-protective coat protects embrio and stored food
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| Gymnosperms | Uncovered naked seeds often on cones
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| Conifers | largest group of gymnosperms; cone bearing pine, spruce, fir, redwood; needle shape; well adapted to hot summers, cool winters, high winds, heavy snows
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| Angiosperm | flowering plant, seed covered by fruit, food, clothing, and medicine
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| types of a flower | Sac and tube-within-tube
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| types of symmetry | asymmetrical; radial; bilateral
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| phylum platyhelminthes | flat worms; planaria; tapeworms (parasites)
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| Phylum Cnideara | Examples: Jellyfish, corals, freshwater hydra
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| Phylum Nematoda | Examples: Round worm; non-segmented; located in sea, soil, and freshwater. Pinworms are common in US
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| Classification of animals | Organization, body plan, symatry; segmentation, coelom
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| Phylum Mollusca | they have three distinct body parts: Vasuceral Mass, foot, and mantic. Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves are examples of these
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| gastropods | snails and conch are examples. they have a stomach foot
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| cephalopods | octopus, and squid are examples. they have a head foot.
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| Bivalves | Clams, oysters, and scallops are these
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| Phylum annelida | these are segmented, mostly marine, earthworms (a type of these) are found in soil, and leeches (in freshwater)
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| Phylum arthopoda | Insects are these. exoskeletons exist in these, 3 types are crytaceans, insects, aracnids
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| Crustaceans | mostly marine; shrimp and lobster are these, freshwater crayfish
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| Insects | numorous; 3 body parts (head, thorax, and amdomen)
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| Phylum echlnodermata | Spiny endoskeleton
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