immunogenetics and cytokines
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| any substance capable of inducing an immune response | immunogen
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| any substance that can serve as the target of an immune response | antigen
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| what are determinants of immunogenicity | large size, chemical complexity, solublility and biodegradability, foreign
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| a substance, usually very small, that alone is not immunogenic, but after conjugation to a carrier protein or cell, becomes immunogenic. antibody formed can then bind to the hapten alone, the carrier, or both. | hapten
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| an antigenic determinant-the portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by an antibody or T cell | epitope
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| what are the biological roles of antibody? | neutralization, opsonization, complement activation
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| humora immune response involves this | antibodies
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| cellular immune response involves this | T cells and macrophages
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| what is the basic protein chain structure of an immunoglobulin? | two identical light chains, two identical heavy chains. there is a variable and constant region of each protein.
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| an enzymatic action of papain on Ig yield these cleavage products | Fab-Fragment antigen binding Fc-Fragment crystallizable
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| what are the five basic antibody classes? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
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| what are the subgroups of IgG | IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
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| what are the subclasses of IgA | IgA1, IgA2
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| what are the two major isotypes light chain? | kappa and lambda
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| what are the two forms of IgM | monomer, pentamer
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| what are the two forms of IgA | monomer, dimer
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| how is antibody diversity created? | developing B cell receptors form from gene segments, variable region encoded by V, D, and J segments, random combination of segments
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| additional diversity comes from? | differences in joining points of segments, additional nucleotides added on, light and heavy chains combos, somatic hypermutations
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| what does isotype switching do? | it brings the VDJ segments closer to another heavy chain constant region segment
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| what are some mechanisms of immunoregulation? | CD4 , Treg cells, amount of antigen, neuroendocrine control, genetic controls, apoptosis, cytokines
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| proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that mediate many of the functions of these cells. | cytokines
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| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts on the producing cell itself | autocrine
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| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts on neighboring cells | paracrine
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| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts at distant sites | endocrine
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| cytokines are controlled via... | activation dependent exp, short half life of cytokine or its mRNA, specific receptor binding, inhibitory and competing factors
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| this cytokine is produced by leukocytes | interleukins
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| this cytokine contributes to chemoattractant activity | chemokines
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| this type of cytokine is anti-viral and involved with immunoregulation | interferons
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| this type of cytokine stimulates individual pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells on their progeny | colony stimulating factors
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| this cytokine is involved with inflammation | TNF
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| this cytokine is an inhibitory growth factor | TGF beta
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| these act as cell growth and differentiation factors, cell activators, chemokines, inflammatory mediators, colony stimulating factors...etc | interleukines
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| these inhibit B and T cell proliferation, inhibits macrophage activation, and promotes antibody isotype switch to IgA | TGF beta
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| most cytokines have this kind of receptor | unique
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| binding of cytokine to a receptor may facilitate this | cell activation
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| cytokines may activate a cell via this pathway | JAKS/STAT
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| regulation of cytokines occurs via... | receptor expression, stability of the cytokine or its mRNA, competition for receptor binding
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| when immunoglobulins are taken from the blood and exposed to an electrical field, which way do they tend to accumulate? | the nevative end, because they are positively charged
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| the antigen binding site is formed by what part of the antibody? | the variable region of the heavy and light chain
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| what does the Fab portion of the antibody do? | it binds to the antigen
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| what does the Fc region of the antibody do? | phagocytic cells bind to this portion
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| what part of the antibody contains the hypervariable region? | the v domain of the Fab portion of the light chain
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| what antibody is good for sensitizing mast cells? | IgE
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| what antibodies are the best opsonins | IgG1 and IgG3
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| what antibodies are good at activating complement? | IgM and IgG
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| which antibodies are good for protection of the embryo? | IgG's
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| which antibodies are good for transport across the placenta? | IgG1, IgG3, IgG4
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| which antibodies are best at neutralization? | IgG's
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| which antibodies are best for sensitization for killing by NK cells? | IgG1 and IgG3
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| which antibody is best for sensitization of mast cells? | IgE
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| which antibody is best for transport across the epithelium? | IgA
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| which antibodies are best for diffusion into extravascular sites? | IgG1-4, IgA
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| what various types of intermolecular attractive forces exist between antibody and antigen? | hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, vander waals, hydrophobic,
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| after B cell proliferation, what do they differentiate into? | plasma cells and memory cells
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| how does variability in antibody molecule occur? | the variable domain is not encoded by just one gene, it's encoded by many genes.
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| the variable region of a kappa and lambda light chain is encoded by what two gene segments? | V, or J
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| these two genes are active in the development of lymphocyte, T, and B cells, and they are responsible for recombination to produce variation | RAG1 and RAG2
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| the variable region of a heavy chain is determined by which gene segments? | V, J, D
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| in a primary immune response, what type of antibody is mostly present? | IgM
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| what method does the body use to make multiple types of antibodies? | isotype switching
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| both somatic hypermutation and isotype switching are dependent on this | AID-activation induced cytidine deaminase, which is expressed only in activated B cells. This initiates isotype switching hypermutation
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| by the time a secondary immune response occurs, most memory cells have undergone isotype switching to become this type of antibody | IgG
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| these cells are very important for imunoregulation | cytokines
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| what do low quantities of TNF do to the body? | involved with local inflammation on the endothelial cell and activate leukocytes
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| what do moderate quantities of TNF do to the body? | causes systemic effects such as fiver and acute phase protein productin in the livery. more leukocytes are released
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| what do high quantities of TNF do to the body? | septic shock, hypoglycemia
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| IL4 is derived from...and they do... | TH2T cells. they are responsible for promoting B cell growth and isotype switching to IgE (therefore, it may be important for generating allergic responses)
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| this type of interferon produces an antiviral effect | type I
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| this type of interferon activates macrophages | Type II
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| interferon gamma does what? | isotype switching to opsonizing antibodies, macropage activation, increased MHC expression
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| this hemopoietic growth factor helps bone marrow produce more neutrophils and other granulocytes | G-CSF
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| this growth factor inhibits T and B cell proliferation, inhibits macrophage activation, and promotes antibody isotype switch to IgA | TGF beta
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| cytokine receptors activate cells via this... | Jaks/STAT pathway
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| why are cytokines important for immune function | regulate immune system, critical cell to cell communications, cytokine mediated pathology, therapy or therapeutic targets.
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