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adaptive immune resp
immunogenetics and cytokines
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any substance capable of inducing an immune response | immunogen |
| any substance that can serve as the target of an immune response | antigen |
| what are determinants of immunogenicity | large size, chemical complexity, solublility and biodegradability, foreign |
| a substance, usually very small, that alone is not immunogenic, but after conjugation to a carrier protein or cell, becomes immunogenic. antibody formed can then bind to the hapten alone, the carrier, or both. | hapten |
| an antigenic determinant-the portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by an antibody or T cell | epitope |
| what are the biological roles of antibody? | neutralization, opsonization, complement activation |
| humora immune response involves this | antibodies |
| cellular immune response involves this | T cells and macrophages |
| what is the basic protein chain structure of an immunoglobulin? | two identical light chains, two identical heavy chains. there is a variable and constant region of each protein. |
| an enzymatic action of papain on Ig yield these cleavage products | Fab-Fragment antigen binding Fc-Fragment crystallizable |
| what are the five basic antibody classes? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE |
| what are the subgroups of IgG | IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 |
| what are the subclasses of IgA | IgA1, IgA2 |
| what are the two major isotypes light chain? | kappa and lambda |
| what are the two forms of IgM | monomer, pentamer |
| what are the two forms of IgA | monomer, dimer |
| how is antibody diversity created? | developing B cell receptors form from gene segments, variable region encoded by V, D, and J segments, random combination of segments |
| additional diversity comes from? | differences in joining points of segments, additional nucleotides added on, light and heavy chains combos, somatic hypermutations |
| what does isotype switching do? | it brings the VDJ segments closer to another heavy chain constant region segment |
| what are some mechanisms of immunoregulation? | CD4 , Treg cells, amount of antigen, neuroendocrine control, genetic controls, apoptosis, cytokines |
| proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that mediate many of the functions of these cells. | cytokines |
| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts on the producing cell itself | autocrine |
| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts on neighboring cells | paracrine |
| in this cytokine mode of action, the cell acts at distant sites | endocrine |
| cytokines are controlled via... | activation dependent exp, short half life of cytokine or its mRNA, specific receptor binding, inhibitory and competing factors |
| this cytokine is produced by leukocytes | interleukins |
| this cytokine contributes to chemoattractant activity | chemokines |
| this type of cytokine is anti-viral and involved with immunoregulation | interferons |
| this type of cytokine stimulates individual pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells on their progeny | colony stimulating factors |
| this cytokine is involved with inflammation | TNF |
| this cytokine is an inhibitory growth factor | TGF beta |
| these act as cell growth and differentiation factors, cell activators, chemokines, inflammatory mediators, colony stimulating factors...etc | interleukines |
| these inhibit B and T cell proliferation, inhibits macrophage activation, and promotes antibody isotype switch to IgA | TGF beta |
| most cytokines have this kind of receptor | unique |
| binding of cytokine to a receptor may facilitate this | cell activation |
| cytokines may activate a cell via this pathway | JAKS/STAT |
| regulation of cytokines occurs via... | receptor expression, stability of the cytokine or its mRNA, competition for receptor binding |
| when immunoglobulins are taken from the blood and exposed to an electrical field, which way do they tend to accumulate? | the nevative end, because they are positively charged |
| the antigen binding site is formed by what part of the antibody? | the variable region of the heavy and light chain |
| what does the Fab portion of the antibody do? | it binds to the antigen |
| what does the Fc region of the antibody do? | phagocytic cells bind to this portion |
| what part of the antibody contains the hypervariable region? | the v domain of the Fab portion of the light chain |
| what antibody is good for sensitizing mast cells? | IgE |
| what antibodies are the best opsonins | IgG1 and IgG3 |
| what antibodies are good at activating complement? | IgM and IgG |
| which antibodies are good for protection of the embryo? | IgG's |
| which antibodies are good for transport across the placenta? | IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 |
| which antibodies are best at neutralization? | IgG's |
| which antibodies are best for sensitization for killing by NK cells? | IgG1 and IgG3 |
| which antibody is best for sensitization of mast cells? | IgE |
| which antibody is best for transport across the epithelium? | IgA |
| which antibodies are best for diffusion into extravascular sites? | IgG1-4, IgA |
| what various types of intermolecular attractive forces exist between antibody and antigen? | hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, vander waals, hydrophobic, |
| after B cell proliferation, what do they differentiate into? | plasma cells and memory cells |
| how does variability in antibody molecule occur? | the variable domain is not encoded by just one gene, it's encoded by many genes. |
| the variable region of a kappa and lambda light chain is encoded by what two gene segments? | V, or J |
| these two genes are active in the development of lymphocyte, T, and B cells, and they are responsible for recombination to produce variation | RAG1 and RAG2 |
| the variable region of a heavy chain is determined by which gene segments? | V, J, D |
| in a primary immune response, what type of antibody is mostly present? | IgM |
| what method does the body use to make multiple types of antibodies? | isotype switching |
| both somatic hypermutation and isotype switching are dependent on this | AID-activation induced cytidine deaminase, which is expressed only in activated B cells. This initiates isotype switching hypermutation |
| by the time a secondary immune response occurs, most memory cells have undergone isotype switching to become this type of antibody | IgG |
| these cells are very important for imunoregulation | cytokines |
| what do low quantities of TNF do to the body? | involved with local inflammation on the endothelial cell and activate leukocytes |
| what do moderate quantities of TNF do to the body? | causes systemic effects such as fiver and acute phase protein productin in the livery. more leukocytes are released |
| what do high quantities of TNF do to the body? | septic shock, hypoglycemia |
| IL4 is derived from...and they do... | TH2T cells. they are responsible for promoting B cell growth and isotype switching to IgE (therefore, it may be important for generating allergic responses) |
| this type of interferon produces an antiviral effect | type I |
| this type of interferon activates macrophages | Type II |
| interferon gamma does what? | isotype switching to opsonizing antibodies, macropage activation, increased MHC expression |
| this hemopoietic growth factor helps bone marrow produce more neutrophils and other granulocytes | G-CSF |
| this growth factor inhibits T and B cell proliferation, inhibits macrophage activation, and promotes antibody isotype switch to IgA | TGF beta |
| cytokine receptors activate cells via this... | Jaks/STAT pathway |
| why are cytokines important for immune function | regulate immune system, critical cell to cell communications, cytokine mediated pathology, therapy or therapeutic targets. |
Created by:
aferdo01
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