Nervous system & Senses Chapters 10 & 11
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| Nerve cells are AKA | neurons
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| The axon is the portion of a neuron that | carries impulses from one neuron to the next
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| The axon is surrounded by a proctective lipoprotein called | myelin sheaths
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| The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at | 200 miles/second(fast)
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| Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at | 0.5 meter/second(slow)
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| A degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called | Multiple Sclerosis(MS)
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| CNS (Central Nervous System) is made up of the | brain & spinal cord
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| The brain contains | 100,000,000,000(100 billion) neurons
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| PNS (Perpheral Nervous System) is made up of | all the nerves except the brain & spinal cord
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| PNS(Perpheral Nervous System) is made of | 1.Sensory neurons AKA afferent neurons 2.Motor neurons AKD efferent neurons
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| Sensory(afferent) neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for | interpretation
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| Changes in the environment are called | stimuli(plural) (stimulus/singular)
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| Motor(efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the | muscles to facilitate movement
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| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | dopamine
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| A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called | Parkinson's Disease(PD)
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| ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) is considered | involuntary(reflex)
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| Involuntary relexes include | choughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting
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| The ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) is subdivided into the | Sympathetic division AKA "flight or flight reactions"---uses a neurotransmitter(chemical) called NorepinEphrine(NE) to transmit impulses(adrenalin) *The Parasympathetic division--uses a neurotransmitter called ACetylcHoline(Ach) to transmit impulses
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| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations(rest & digest) and include | *Digestive processes *Reproductive processes *Eupnea *Normal Heart Rate(HR)
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| Changes that occur during the sympathetic(flight or fight) response are | *Tachycardia(fast heart rate) *Tachypnea(breathing faster) *Bronchodilation(airways open up) *Pupillary dilation(pupils get bigger) *Pallor-shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of arms,legs,brain, heart, lungs
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| The largest part of the brain is called the | cerebrum
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| The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the | cerebral cortex(outer)
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| The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called | hemispheres
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| The hemispheres are connected & communicate by the | corpus callosum
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| Sections of the brain are called | lobes
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| The frontal lobe controls | *Voluntary Muscle function(you can control) *Moods *Aggression *Smell reception(olfactory) *Motivation
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| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as | *Touch *Pain *Balance *Taste *Temperature
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| The temporal lobes evaluate | *Hearing input *Smell *Memory *Judgment
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| The occipital lobe functions in receiving & interpreting | visual input
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| Depression, migrains, anxiety, appetite, sexuality & bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | serotonin
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| The second largest portion of the brain is called the | cerebellum
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| The cerebellum is located at the | posterior base of the brain
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| The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for | coordination & balance
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| The brain stem consists of the | *Medulla oblongata *Pons Varolii *Midbrain
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| The medulla & pons are responsible for controlling | *Consciousness & arousal *Regulation of diameter of blood vessels(BP) *Heart Rate(HR) *Ventilation(breathing)
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| The midbrain acts as the connection between the | cerebrum & the spinal cord
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| The thalamus is the | principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex(outer)
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| The hypothalamus controls | *Pituitary gland *feeling of rage & aggression *Body temperature *Thirst *Sleep *Food intake(satiation)
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| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the | medulla oblongata
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| The length of the spinal cord is approximately | 16-18 inches
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| The function of the spinal cord is to | *Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain *Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery
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| Branching off the spinal cord are the | 31 paired spinal nerves
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| Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the | adjacent (next to) vertebrae
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| The spinal nerves consist of | 8 cervical pairs 12 thoracic pairs 5 lumbar pairs 5 sacral pairs 1 coccygeal pair
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| The brain & spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called | meninges (plural)---(meninx--singular)
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| The outer-most(1st) meninx(singular) is called the | dura mater
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| The middle(2nd) menix is called the | arachnoid membrane (spider layer)
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| The inner-most(3rd) menix is called the | pia mater(delicate mother)
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| Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the | subdural space
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| The subdural space contains | serous fluid(clear)
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| Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the | subarachnoid space
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| The subarchnoid space contains | CSF (CerebroSpinal Fluid)
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| CerebroSpinal Fluid(CSF) circulates around the brain & spinal cord through cavities called | ventricles(chambers)
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| The CSF (CerbroSpinal Fluid) serves as a | shock absorber and circulates nutrients
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| The white (opaque-light cannot pass through) portion of an eye is called the | sclera
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| The transparent(light can pass through) anterior portion of a scleral is called the | cornea
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| The colored portion of an eye is called the | iris
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| The highly vascular(lots of blood vessels) layer of an eye is called the | choroid
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| The os (opening) in the center of an iris is called a | pupil
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| A pupil that decreases in size is called | pupillary constriction
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| A pupil that increases in size is called | pupillary dilation
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| The crystalline structure located posterior to each pupil that focuses(accommodates) light on a retina is called the | crystalline lens
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| The retina is the portion of an eye that | perceives light
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| Each retina is made up of visual receptor cells called | rods & cones
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| Each retina is an extenion of an | optic nerve (opt/o-vision)
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| The optic nerves transmit visual impulses to the | thalamus (relay station)
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| The thalamus relays these impulses to the | occipital lobe for interpretation (eyes in the back of your head)
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| The anterior compartment of an eye is filled with liquid called the | aqueous humor(liquid transparent)
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| The posterior compartment of an eye is filled with liquid called the | vitreous humor(liquid transparent)
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| The external cartilagenous flap of each ear is called a | pinna AKA the auricle
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| The tube leading from each pinna(auricle) to a tympanic membrane is called the | external auditory canal
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| A tympanic membrane is AKA | eardrum
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| Each external auditory canal is lined with modified sebaceous (oil) glands that produce | cerumen AKA earwax
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| Each middle ear is made up of three Auditory(hearing) ossicles(bones) called the | 1. Malleus(hammer) 2. Incus(anvil) 3. Stapes(stirrup) (complete size at birth/never get any bigger)
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| The tubes that connect the middle ears to the pharynx (throat) for pressure equalization are called the | Eustachian tubes
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| The structure in each inner ear that is responsible for perceiving sound vibrations & conducting these vibrations to the auditory(hearing)(vestibulocochlear) nerve is called the | cochlea(plural)
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| The connection between a stapes and a cochlea is called the | oval window
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| The structure in each inner ear which aids in balance(equilibrium) is called the | labyrinth
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| Each labyrinth is made up of the | vestibule & semicircular canals
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