Highlighted Vocabulary Terms in Chapter 6
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Speech Disorder | Refers to difficulty in producing sounds as well as disorders of voice quality (for example, a hoarse voice) or fluency of speech, often referred to as stuttering
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| Language Disorder | Is difficulty in receiving, understanding, and formulating ideas and information
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| Receptive Language Disorder | Is characterized by difficulty in receiving or understanding information
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| Expressive Language Disorder | Is characterized by difficulty in formulating ideas and information
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| Cleft Palate/Lip | Describes a condition in which a person has a split in the upper part of the oral cavity or the upper lip
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| Dialect | Is a regional variation of a language, as when someone speaks English using terms or pronunciations common only in that region
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| Speech | Is the oral expression of language. The disorder may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations
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| Language | Is a structured, shared, rule-governed symbolic system for communicating
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| Phonology | Is the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words
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| Phonemes | Are individual speech sounds and how they are produced, depending on their placement in a syllable or word
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| Morphology | Is the system that governs the structure of words
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| Morpheme | Is the smallest meaningful unit of speech
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| Syntax | Provides rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences
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| Semantics | Refers to the meaning of what is expressed
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| Pragmatics | Refers to the use of communication in context
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| Social Interaction Theories | Emphasize that communication skills are learned through social interactions
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| Articulation | Is a speaker's production of individual or sequenced sounds
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| Substitutions | Occur when a person substitutes one sound for another, as when a child substitutes /d/ for the voiced /th/ ("doze" for "those"), /t/ for /k/ ("tat" for "cat"), or /w/ for /r/ ("wabbit" for "rabbit")
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| Omissions | Occur when a child leaves a phoneme out of a word
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| Additions | Occur when students place a vowel between two consonants
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| Distortions | Are modifications of the production of a phoneme in a word
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| Apraxia | Is a motor speech disorder that affects the way in which a student plans to produce speech
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| Pitch | Is affected by the tension and size of the vocal folds, the health of the larynx, and the location of the larynx
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| Duration | Is the length of time any speech sound requires
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| Intensity | (Loudness or softness) is based on the perception of the listener and is determined by the air pressure coming from the lungs through the vocal folds
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| Resonance | Is determined by the way in which the tone coming from the vocal folds is modified by the spaces of the throat, mouth, and nose
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| Hypernasality | Is when air is allowed to pass through the nasal cavity on sounds other than /m/, /n/, and /ng/
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| Hypnonasality | Occurs because air cannot pass through the nose and comes through the mouth instead
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| Fluency | Is the rate and rhythm of speaking
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| Specific Language Impairment | Describes a language disorder with no identifiable cause in a person with apparently normal development in all other areas
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| Organic Disorders | Are those caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person
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| Functional Disorders | Are those with no identifiable organic or neurological cause
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| Congenital Disorder | Is a disorder that occurs at or before birth
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| Acquired Disorder | Is a disorder that occurs well after birth
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| Oral Motor Exam | Is examination of the appearance, strength, and range of motion of the lips, tongue, palate, teeth, and jaw
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| Bilingual | Refers to someone who uses two languages equally well
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| Bidialectal | Refers to someone who uses two variations of a language
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| System for Augmenting Language (SAL) | Focuses on augmented input of language
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