Diagnostic procedures and pharmacology
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| assessment | the evaluation or appraisal of a condition
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| vital signs | indicates systems are functioning: temperature
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| 98.6 F | average normal temperature
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| hypothermia | abnormally low body temperature
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| hyperthermia | an extremely high fever
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| pulse | the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
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| respiratory rate | also known as respiration
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| blood pressure | the force of blood against the walls of the arteries
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| sphygmomanometer | measures blood pressure
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| systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract
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| diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed
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| pain | can be a 5th vital sign
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| acute pain | pain that comes on quickly
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| chronic pain | pain that can be mild or severe
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| auscultation | means listening for sounds within the body and is usually performed thorugh a stethoscope
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| rale | also known as a crackle
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| rhonchus | also known as wheezing
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| stridor | abnormal hgih-pitched harsh sound heard during inhalation
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| bruit | an abnormal sound heard during auscultaion of an artery
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| heart murmur | an abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of abnormal function of the heart valves
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| abdominal sounds | also known as bowel sounds
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| palpation | an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture
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| percussion | a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers
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| ophthalmoscope | an eye instrument used examine the interior of the eye
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| otoscope | an instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane
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| speculum | an instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facillitate inspection of its interior
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| stethoscope | an instrument used to listen to the sounds within the body
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| recumbent position | describes any position in which the patient is lying down
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| prone position | patient is lying on the belly face down
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| horizontal recumbent position | also known as supine position
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| dorsal recumbent position | the patient is lying on the back with knees bent
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| Sims' position | patient is lying on left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back
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| knee-chest position | patient is lying face down with the hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table
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| lithotomy position | patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported by stirrups
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| stat | results are needed immediately
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| profile | tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multichannel laboratory testing equipment
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| phlebotomist | an individual trained and skilled in phlebotomy
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| phlebotomy | also known as venipuncture
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| capillary puncture | technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test
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| complete blood count | series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | also known as sed rate
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| hematocrit | describes the percentage
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| platelet count | measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function
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| red blood cell count | a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood
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| total hemoglobin test | usually part of the complete blood count
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| white blood cell count | determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood
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| white blood cell differential test | determines what percentage of the total count is composed of each of the five types of leukocyte
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| basic metabolic panel | group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient's kidneys
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| blood urea nitrogen test | measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea
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| urea | major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood
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| crossmatch tests | performed to determine the compatibility of donor and recipient blood before a transfusion
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| agglutination | clumping together of the red blood cells
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| C-reactive protein test | performed to identify high levels of inflammation within the body
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| lipid panel | measures the amount of total cholesterol
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| prothrombin time | also known as pro time
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| serum bilirubin test | measures the ability of the liver to take up
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone assay | measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone that can indicate abnormal thyroid activity
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| urinalysis | the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
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| routine urinalysis | performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders
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| microscopic examination | peformed when more detailed testing of the specimen in necessary
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| casts | fibrous or protein materials
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| pH | the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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| acidosis | excessive acid in the body fluids
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| alkaline urine | pH above 7
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| specific gravity | reflects the amount of wastes
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| low specific gravity | dilute urine
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| high specific gravity | concentrated urine
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| acetone | sweet
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| albuminuria | presence of the protein albumin in the urine and is the sign of impaired kidney function
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| albumin | a form of protein found in most body tissues
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| bacteriuria | the presence of bacteria in the urine
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| calciuria | the presence of calcium in the urine
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| creatinuria | an increased concentration of creatine in the urine
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| creatinine | a waste product of muscle metabolism that is normally removed by the kidneys
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| drug-screening urine test | a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse
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| glycosuria | presence of glucose in the urine
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| hematuria | presence of blood in the urine
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| gross hematuria | presence of blood can be detected without magnification
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| microscopic hematuria | urine is clear
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| ketonuria | presence of ketones in the urine
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| ketones | formed when the body breaks down fat
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| proteinuria | the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine
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| pyuria | presence of pus in the urine
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| urine culture and sensitivity tests | laboratory tests that are used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment
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| endoscopy | visual examination of the interior of a body cavity
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| endoscopic surgery | a surgical procedure performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments
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| endoscope | a small flexible tube with a light and lens on the end
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| laparoscopy | visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope tha is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall
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| centesis | a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid
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| abdominiocentesis | surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
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| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint
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| cardiocentesis | also known as cardiopuncture
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| pericardiocentesis | puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid
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| tympanocentesis | surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to remove fluid or pus from an infected middle ear
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| contrast medium | administered by swallowing
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| radiopaque | substance does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film
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| radiolucent | substance
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| radiography (X-ray) | uses x-radiation passing through the patient to expose a film or create a digital image that shows the body profile
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| computed tomography (CT) | uses x-radiation with computer assistance to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images
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| intraveneous contrast medium | injected into a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible
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| barium | a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract
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| radiology | also known as x-rays
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| radiologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and other forms of radiant energy
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| radiographic positioning | describes the body placement and the part of the body closest to the x-ray film
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| radiographic projection | describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the body from enterance to exit
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| anteroposterior projection | patient positioned with the back parallel to the film
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| posteroanterior projection | patient positioned facing the film and parallel to it
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| lateral projection | patient positioned at right angles to the film
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| oblique projection | patient positioned so the body is slanted sideways to the film
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| extraoral radiography | film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth
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| panoramic radiograph | also known as panorex
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| intraoral radiography | film is placed within the mouth and exposed by a camera positioned next to the exterior of the cheek
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| periapical radiographs | show the entire tooth and some surrounding tissue
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| bite-wing radiographs | show the crowns of teeth in both archs on one side of the mouth
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| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | combines MRI with the use of a contrast medium to locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body
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| fluoroscopy | visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen
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| cineradiography | recording of images as they appear in motion on a fluorescent screen
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| ultrasonography | also known as ultrasound
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| sonogram | image created by ultrasonography
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| sonographer | technician trained to take a sonogram
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| echocardiography | an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart
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| doppler echocardiogram | measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart
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| fetal ultrasound | noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy
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| transesophageal echocardiography | also known as TEE
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| carotid ultrasonography | use of sound waves to image the carotid artery to detect an obstruction
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| nuclear medicine | radioactive substances are administered for either diagnostic or treatment purposes
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| radiopharmaceuticals | radioactive substance used for diagnostic or treatment purposes
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| nuclear imaging | images document the structure and function of organs being examined
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| nuclear scan | also known as a scintigram
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| bone scan | nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown
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| thyroid scan | a radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered
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| single photon emission computed tomography | also known as SPECT
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| profusion | means the flow of blood through and organ
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| positron emission tomography | also known as PET imaging
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| pharmacology | the study of the nature
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| pharmacist | licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications
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| prescription | medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist
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| over-the-counter | also known as OTC
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| generic drug | usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark
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| brand-name drug | sold under the name given the drug by the manufaturer.
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| addiction | compulsive
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| adverse drug reaction (ADR) | also known as a side-effect
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| compliance | patient's consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional
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| contraindication | a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised
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| drug interaction | result of drugs reacting with each other
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| idiosyncratic reaction | an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual
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| palliative | a substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease
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| paradoxical reaction | the result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results
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| placebo | an inactive substance
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| potentiation | drug interaction that occurs when the effect of one drug is increased by another drug
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| antipyretic | medication administered to prevent or reduce fever
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| anti-inflammatory | relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness
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| analgesic | refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
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| acetaminophen | analgesic that reduces pain and fever
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | also known as NSAIDs
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| ibuprofen | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine that acts as an analgesic to relieve pain
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| anticonvulsants | administered to prevent seizures
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| antidepressants | administered to prevent or relieve depression
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| pain-relieving creams | applied topically to relieve pain
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| transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation | TENS
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| inhalation administration | vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed in the bloodstream through the lungs
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| oral administration | medications taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine
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| rectal administration | insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or a liquid
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| sublingual administration | placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly
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| topical application | liquid or ointment that is rubbed into the skin on the area to be treated
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| transdermal medication | administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin
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| parenteral | taken into the body in a manner other than the digestive tract
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| subcutaneous injection (SC) | made into the fatty layer just below the skin
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| intradermal injection | made into the middle layers of the skin
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| intramuscular injection (IM) | made directly into the muscular tissue
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| intravenous unjection (IV) | made directly into a vein
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| bolus | also known as a bolus infusion
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| peripherally inserted central catheter | PICC line
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