| Term |
Definition |
| ethology |
the study of animal behavior |
| Charles Darwin |
|
| species |
classification of animals |
| theory of evolution |
characterizes all related organisms as descended from common ancestors |
| natural selection |
the process that awards survival and reproductive success to individuals and groups best adjusted to their environment |
| classical ethology |
asserts that much of what animals know is instinctive, or innate |
| Ivan Pavlov |
|
| unconditioned response |
a simple reflex behavior |
| unconditioned stimulus |
something that produces an unconditioned response |
| behaviorism |
|
| John B. Watson |
|
| stimulus-response theory |
holds that all complex forms of behavior, including emotions, thoughts, and habits, are complex muscular and gladular responses that can be observed and measured |
| classical conditioning |
refers to the association of stimuli that occurs at approximately the same time or in roughly the same area |
| operant conditioning |
works on the principle of associating a certain activity, known as the operant, with punishment or reward |
| B.F. Skinner |
|
| trial-and-error learning |
|
| instrumental learning |
learning by trial and error |
| sociobiology |
the study of social organization in animals |
| fixed action patterns |
stereotypical or predictable behaviors |
| instincts |
inherited or genetically coded responses to environmental stumuli |
| positive reinforcement |
refers to any immediate pleasant occurrence that follows a behavior |
| negative reinforcement |
refers to any immediate unpleasant occurrence used to create a desired behavior |
| punishment |
an unpleasant occurrence used to eliminate an undesirable behavior |
| Konrad Z. Lorenz |
|
| imprinting |
a rapid learning process that enables the very young to recognize and bond with its caretaker |
| sensitive period |
the period of time when imprinting occurs |
| canine separation anxiety |
the bond between owner and pet is so strong that a dog feels anxiety when separated from its owner |
| dominance aggression |
|
| fear-induced aggression |
|
| predatory agression |
|
| pain-induced aggression |
|
| inter-male aggression |
|
| territorial aggression |
|
| maternal aggression |
|
| house soiling |
urinating or defecating inside the home |
| factors of problem behavior treatment methods |
trust, reward, reprimand, consistency |
| reward |
the most critical element of behavior modification |
|
|
| edible rewards |
|
| vocal rewards |
|
| reprimand |
|
| common treatment techniques |
extinction, aversion therapy, avoidance therapy, habituation, punishment, counterconditioning, desensitization, environmental modification, surgical modification, pharmaceutical therapy |
| wobble |
a training manuever designed to disorient a bird by abruptly dropping the hand its perched on |
Buen Viaje lv.2 ch 8
