| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Bottom up processing | based on incoming data. Color, contrast, orientation |
| Top down processing | the meaning and knowlede |
| early selection model | the filtered step occurs before the incoming information is analyzed to determine meaning |
| letters presented to both ears, high load proccessing | early selection model |
| only meaningfull information gets to the | detector |
| identifies attended message based on physical characteristics ( pitch, spped, tone) | filter |
| late selection model | everything gets processed on meaning. Low load |
| dictionary unit | which contains stored words, each have thresholds for being activated. |
| attenuating theory of attention | instead of filter theres an attenuator. BOTH attended and unattended are let through |
| late selection is based on | meaning |
| early selection is based on | characteristics |
| high load task = | early selection |
| low load task= | late selection |
| more likely to be distracted in a | low load task |
| less likely to be distracted in a | high load task |
| Gamers are distracted in | both high and low load task |
| divided attention | attention to a number of things simultaneously. Ex. driving and talking on phone |
| factors that influence divided attention | practice, difficulty, type of task |
| effect of practice | became more automatic, reduces task load |
| harder it is the less | automatic |
| talking on phone is | cognitive processing |
| change blindness | difficulty detecting changes in scene |
| feature detectors | neurons such as simple, complex, and end-stopped cells, which fire in response to specific features of the stimuli |
| simple | oriented bar of light |
| complex | oriented bar of light moving in a specific direction |
| end stopped | oriented bar of light, with a specific length, moving in a specific direction. |
| Geons | more complex, 3D features detectors. Ex. cylinders or cubes |
| feature detectors are | both built in and based on experience |
| cerebral cortex | divided into four lobes: temporal, frontal, occipital, parietal |
| subcortical structures | below cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus |
| amygdala | emotions |
| rely stationg ofr sensory info. (EXCEPT smell) vision, hearing, and touch | thalamus |
| memories | hippocampus |
| neurons | cells that are specialized to recieve and transmit info. in the nervous sys. |
| 180 billion cells with | 1000 connection for each |
| cell body | contains mechanism to kekpp cell alive (dendrites, axaon, nerve fiber, receptors) |
| dendrites | branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons |
| recepots are on the | dendrites |
| axon or nerve fiber | is a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. |
| neurons that are specialized to receive information from the environmen are called | receptors |
| transmit information throughout the body | neurons |
| transmit all electrical and chemical signals | neuron |
| transduction | one form of energy into another form of energy |
| action potential | recorded from neurons with tiny microelectrodes that are positioned inside or right next to the neurons axon. |
| electrical firing of a neuron | action potential |
| action potential becomes more positive because other neurons | fired |
| the strength of the firing never changes the | frequency increases or decreases |
| information about stimulis intensit is represented not by the size of the action potential | but by their rate of firing |
| two scenarios that can occur when neurotransmitters are released | excitatory and inhibitory |
| excitatory neurotransmitter | increase the chance that the next neuron will fire |
| inhinitory neurotransmitter | decrease the chance of neuron will fire. |
| broca's area | speaking, located in frontal lobe |
| Wernicke's area | understands sppech, located in temporal lobe |
| neural code | the pattern of neuron fires |
| distributed coding | the code that indicates a specific face is distributed across a number of neurons |
| each face is represented by a specific pattern of firing across a number of neurons. | the solution is distributed coding |
| Rolling ball ex. | when the ball rolls numberous neurons fire throughout the brain, for things like color, distance, speed |
| methods for studing hte physiological nature of cognition | single unit recording, ERP, PET, fMRI, brain lesioning |
| Provides information about what single unit neurons are doing | single-unit recording |
| ERP | tells you when activity occurs but not where |
| response of many thousands of neurons to a specific event | Event related potential (ERP) |
| Brain imaging | Good at where, but bad at when |
| Measure blood flow in the brain | brain imagin PET, fMRI |
| neuropsychology | study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans |
| Gestalt laws | seires of rules that specify how we perceptually organize parts into wholes |
| pragnanz | "law of simplicity" every stimulis pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible |
| similarity | similar things appear to be grouped together |
| good continuation | strait or smooth cury lines are seen as belonging together. |
| proximity of nearness | things that are near eachother appear to be grouped together |
| common fate | things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together |
| familiarity | tings are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful. |
| n Cognition is adaptive | n Cognition seems to have developed to allow us to anticipate what is coming next and behave accordingly |
| n We can be aware or unaware of our own cognitive processes as they occur | (blank) |
| n Cognition is based in physiology | n Genes produce the physical building blocks of cognition |
| n Cognition is extremely complex | n We process billions of pieces of information almost instantaneously |
| n Cognition cannot be directly measured | n Use indirect methods of determining cognitive processes |
| low task load = | greater distraction |
| varying task load can lead to | more difficulty because it increases the task load |
| factors that lead to how you perceive a sound | Pervious experience, Contex, expectations |
