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PHYS T1 Review
Review material from Test 1 PART II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flux is? What does it mean for net flux to be 0? | Amount of material crossing a surface /time. Net flux = 0 when equilliburium is reached |
| What is the net flux equation? | Kp (perm const) * Area (Cout - Cin) |
| What is the diffusion dependent upon? | 1. Concentration 2. Temp 3. Mass 4. Surface Area 5. Medium |
| Which ones have an indirect releationship with net flux? | Mass |
| What can diffuse through lipid bi-layer more easily? Polar or non-polar? | Non-polar |
| What electrical phenomena affects ion diffusion? | Membrane potential |
| What the heck does the above mean??? | It means that since most cells are (--), we'll try to get (+) in, too to balance it all out |
| What are the two components of the electrochemical gradient? | Concentration and electrical differences |
| Why can't AA and and glucose diffuse through lipid bilayer? | Because it is too polar and too big |
| So lucy lou, what do we do? | TRANsporters! |
| What are these like? | PACMAN |
| What are the two types? | Facilated and active |
| How fast are transporter proteins? | SLOW, b/c unlike diffusion, they can become saturated!!! |
| What is transported in this way?? | Glucose |
| Primary Active Transport energy it needs is: | ATPase |
| What is transported using primary active transport? | Na/K , Ca, H+, and H+/K+ |
| How does secondary active transport work w/ what kind of energy? Explain: | Ion concentration gradient; movmenet of stuff from hi to low conc. provides energy for this secondary process |
| Can water diffuse across a cell membrane considering it is polar? | yeah, b/c it is small |
| What is mostly INSIDE (Intracellular)? | K+ and organic solutions |
| OUTSIDE (EXTRACELL) | Na/ Cl- |
| ISOTONIC size difference? | Same |
| Hypertonic? | Cell shrinks |
| Hypotonic? | Cell swells |
| How can stuff diffuse across skin? Use the terms endo/exo/desmosomes | Paracellular pathway (desmo) or transcellular pathway (across; endo/exo) |
| LECTURE 7 | LECTURE 7 |
| What are the four parts of the neuron? Function of each? | Cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive info), axon (single; transmits info to neurons), and axon terminal (neurotransm) |
| What is the nodes of ranvier? | Gaps in myelination of axon |
| What DON'T afferent neurons contain? | NO DENDRITES |
| Where are most portions located? | OUTSIDE CNS |
| EFFERENT has most portions where? Where's the axon? | Most portions in, but axon is outside CNS |
| Interneurons are located? | IN CNS |
| What are glial cells? | form myelin, neurons need them |
| What forms myelin in CNS? PNS? | Oligodendrocytes in CNS; schwann int he other |
| Can neurons in CNS divide? What about PNS? | No in CNS; yes in PNS |
| What phenomena helps maintain membrane potential? | Sodium potaisum pump: 3 NA OUT, 2 K IN |
| What is the resting membrane potential in Neuron? | -70 |
| Where does the current in an AP travel along in the neuron? | Along the axon |
| What is a graded potential? Vs. AP? | Doesn't reach AXON at all. AP goes all along axon |
| Overshoot? | Inside of cell becomes + |
| Repolarized? | Go back to resting |
| What induces DEpolarization? | Sodium getting into cell (making it less negative) |
| Hyperolarized is induced by? | becomes more negative by K+ flowing otu of cell |
| LECTURE 8 | LECTURE 8 |
| Comapre theWhen the neuron membrane reaches threshold potential, compare teh size of the AP generated if I had burned my hand vs. felt a change in temp? | Same SIZE despite strenght of stimulus |
| Hyperpolarization involes the cllsoing of what channel and opening of what channel? | Sodium closes, potasium opens |
| Why does potasium open? | Restore membrane potential |
| How does the size of the AP decrease as it is propeganted along the axon? | IT DOESN'T |
| What does the velocity of the AP depend on? | Fiber diameter and myelination |
| SNAPSES | SYNAPSES |
| An excitatory synapse brings teh membrane of the presynaptic cell closer to threshold. T or F? | FALSE, it is the POSTsynaptic |
| What influences whether a postsynaptic cell fires APs? | Active synpases and whether they're excting or inhibitory |
| What happens when the AP reaches the end of the presynpatic neuron? | Depolarize, calcium channels open, and calcium gets into axon terminal |
| What happens after ca is in axon terminal? | Vesicles fuse w/ PM and release contents 5. NT gets with post-synpatic cell-->activate its recetprs 6. Open ion channels or close them in postsynaptic PM |
| Excitory synapses open what channels? Inhibitory synapses open what channels | Excite: Na/K. Inhibit: Open Cl-/K |
| Neurotransmitters cause? | EPSPs and IPSPs |
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS | STUFF TO KNOW!!! |
| Acetylcholine (Ach) function in PNS. What abuot CNS? | PNS: Skelatal muscles. CNS: role in learning |
| What does nicotinic vs. musscarininc ach do? | Nicotinic: ion channel. Muscarinic: W/ G-protein |
| Biogenic amines from amino acids are: | serotinin histamine, catecholamines |
| What are exampels of catecholaimines? | NE:, EPI, and DOPAMINE |
| Alpha adrenergic receptor is activated by? | cAM<P second messengers or impacts Ca/K+ channels |
| Beta adrenergic: | cAMP second messenger |
| Function of seratonin? IN CNS OR PNS? | Neuromodulator (in CNS) |
| What are excitory aminio acids in teh CNS? and short role? | Glutamate and aspartate (role in learning) |
| What are inhibitory amino acids in CNS? | GABA and Glyucine |
| What is an example of a neuropeptide? Important with? | Endogenous opioids; runner's high |
| LECTURE 9 | LECTURE 9 |
| Nerve: | Nerve fibers in PNS |
| Tract: | Nerves in CNS |
| Ganglion: | Bodies in PNS |
| Nuclei: | BODIES IN CNS |
| Spinal cord has gray matter containnig? What about white matter? | Graymatter has cell bodies, whereas white matter has axons in tracts (myelinated) |
| What does the meddula oblongata contain that is really essential for life? | Reticular formation |
| When does the cerebellum develop? What does it have a role in? | AFTER birth. role in posture, movement, memory |
| What is the lymbic system? What disease most affects it? | forebrain associated with learning and emotions; impacted by alzhemiers disease |
| What kind of nerve fibers are in DRG? | BOTH afferent and efferent neurons |
| Somatic fibers release and act upon? | Ach and act on skeletal muscles |
Created by:
talkglitter2486