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Stack #34989
A&P11-Class Notes Pg 23 Blood Pressure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Systolic (in BV ch on BP) refers to | when you contract |
| diastolic (in BV sh on BP)refers to | resumption of normal flow |
| blood flows thru a system of: | closed channels |
| Blood always flows from regions of higher: | pressure to lower pressure |
| Mean (avg) pressure in aorta is about: | 100 mm Hg |
| Pressure from aorta continually | decreases rapidly thru the arterial sys & more slowly thru the venous sys |
| Normal BP is | 120 over 80 .... |
| Blood flows from aorta to: | arteries to arterioles |
| cont'd blood flow: arterioles to: | capillaries to venules |
| cont'd blood flow: venules to veins to: | the vena cava to the R, atrium |
| Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood: | on the wall on any BV |
| clinical sense:systolic = | pressure during ventricular systole when B is moving into the arteries |
| Clinical sense: diastolic = | pressure of B in arteries after ventricular systole |
| Homeostatic mechanisms regulate cardio vascular activity to ensure: | that tissue B flow (tissue perfusion) feets the demand for oxygen and nutrientsbl |
| 3 variables of homeostatic mechanisms are: | cardiac output, blood volumn, peripheral resistance |
| Cardiac output is | amt of B ejected by the L ventricle every minute |
| Blood Volumn is: | nORMAL VOLUMN IS 5 LITERS |
| a +or - in B volumn will: | affect pressure |
| Peripheral Resistance is resistance to B flow by the force of friction bet: | blood & the walls of the vessel it is traveling thru |
| Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms: 3 | Autoregulation, Central Mechanisms, and Endocrine Factors |
| Which of the 3 is lst: | autoregulation is Local Controls is is 1st response |
| Autoregulation is: | an automatic local adjustment of Blood flow in a perticular part of body. |
| in autoregulation cells respond to local changes (ie low oxygen levels) by releasing: | vasodilator substances or vasoconstrictor substances |
| examples of vasodilator substances are: | potassium ions, lactic acid & carbon dioxide |
| examples of vaso constrictor substances are: | prostaglandins and endothelins released by damaged endothelial cells |
| if Cardio autoregulation at the local leval fails then: | activation of control mechanisms II or III will occur |
| Cardio control mechanism II is: | Central Mechanism (neural controls) the electrical system |
| Central mechanisms include 4 types: | Higher Brain Centers, Vasomotor center, Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors |
| In higher brain centers typa, the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus regulate BP by: | sending impulses to the vasomotor center during times of stress, anger, ets. This results in vaso constriction and hence, increased BP. |
| Vasomotor Center consists of a culster of: | sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata. It controls BV diameter by providing vaso constriction & vaso dilation regulation. |
| The vasomotor center sends inpulses to the vasomotor fibers which: | are efferent fibers of the SNS located in smooth muscles of BV walls. When stimulated they produce norepinephrine. |
| peptide | a protein fragment |
| NO is a | gas |
| norepinephrine in turn regulates smooth muscles in BV's: | to provide vasoconstriction |
| ACh stimulates the release of NO by: | endothelial cells in the area in question. |
| The release of NO gas relaxes | muscle cells, thereby causing vasodilation |
| The resistance of a maximally constricted arteriole is: | 80 times that of a fully dilated arteriole |
| Baroreceptors = | sinus stretch |
| Baroreceptors are specialized receptors: | mechano receptors or presso receptors that monitor the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs. r |
| Examples of baroreceptors: | aortic sinuses (provide aortic reflex) in pockets in the wall of the ascending aorta AND carotid sinus near the base of the internal carotid arteries of the neck |
| Chemoreceptors are: | chemical body receptors |
| Chemoreceptors are sensory neurons that are sensitive to: | chemicals in the blood. |
| chemoreceptors are named: | carotid body and the aortic body |
| The carotid body is located at the | bifurcation of the common carotid arteries |
| The aortic body is located in the | aortic arch |
| chemo receptors are sensitive to blood levels of : | oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. |
| chemoreceptors are sensory neurons that: | help regulate the respiratory rate |
| The 3rd control mechanism is the: | Endocrine System |
| The Endocrine system is: | A chemical System, local or central |
| Hormones are: | chemical regulators produced by specialized endocrine glands as well as other cells and body tissues |
| Example: ANP, a hormone produced by: | the heart, not by a regular endocrine gland |
| The hormone producing cells/tissues/organs of the body provide: | chemical regulation |
| Hormones Associated with the cardio sytem incl: 5 | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Erythropoetin (EPO), Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP or ANF), Endothelium-derived factors (EDF), |
| Antidiuretic Hormone -ADH: | long term regulation of B pressure & volumn. |
| ADH is released from the posterior: | pituitary & stimulates water conservation in the kidneys. Thus B volumn is conserved |
| Angiotensin II is for long-term regulation: | long-term regulation of blood pressure and blood volumn. |
| Angiotensin II is a powerful | vasoconstrictor & it appears in blood following the release of renin from kidney cells (renin-angiotensin pathway) |
| Erythropoetion EPO for long term regulation of B pressure & volumn. It is released | from kidneys to stimulate RBC formation if/when oxygen levels fall to low. |
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP or ANF) | Provides long term regulation of Blood pressure and blood volumn |
| ANP also encourages fluid: | loss, reduces blood pressure & blood volumn, inhibits thrist and lowers peripheral resistance |
| Endothelium-derived Factor EDF- | assist w/ local blood flow |
| EDF is a group of chemical that are: | produced by endothelial cells |
| EDF s act as either | vaso constrictors or vasodilators |
| Examples of EDF's include: | PDGF (prostaglandin-derived growth factor, NO (nitric oxide, a vasodilator) nad endothelin (a vasoconstrictor) |
Created by:
Jean and Study Pals