| Question |
Answer |
| What is the "White City"? Who designed it? When? |
The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair). Daniel Burnham was a principal designer. The Exposition was held in 1893 (400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World). |
| What is the planning significance of Central Park? Who was it designer & builder? |
It was created in the mid 1800s as an a way to address the lack of green space in cities. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Built by Calvert Vaux. |
| What is the "Cumberland Road"? When was its built? |
The "National Road" built by the Federal gov't to tie the east and west together in 1811. Ran from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL |
| What were the 3 major ports of immigration in 1811. |
Chicago, NY, Philadelphia |
| What are the most significant laws of the Public Health Movement? |
NYC Tenement Law of 1867 and a San Francisco ordinance that ended slaughter houses in 1867. |
| Why did the Public Health Movement die out? |
The Public Health Movement died out in the 1920s as local governments were given authority to regulate issues. |
| Explain what the S - T - R system is and how it was used. |
S - T - R : Section, Town, Range government classification system established by the "Ordinance of 1785" to promote land speculation and development in the west. |
| What was the intent of the "Land Ordinance of 1785"? What is its planning significance? |
The rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest was created to provide a systematic way to divide and distribute land to people. It is called the "largest single act of national planning in our history." |
| What did the Louisiana Purchase do? What year? |
Secured 828,000 sq miles of land from Mississippi to the Rocky Mts from France. It led to the western expansion. |
| What is the importance of the Erie Canal? What year was it opened? |
Opened a western shipping channel from NYC to the Great Lakes. Opened in 1825. |
| What year was the 1st tenement housing built in Manhattan? |
1855 |
| What was the "Homestead Act of 1862" |
Federal legislation that promoted western development by providing any family a 1/4 of twnshp (160 acres). It was given to them if they lived there for 5 years and built a house, or it could be purchase it for $1.25 per acre after only 6 months. |
| What was the "Morrell Act"? Year? |
Federal legislation of 1862 that authorized land grants to the states so that they could use the proceeds to establish colleges in agriculture, engineering, and other "practical arts". |
| What was the 1st group to push for higher sanitary and housing standards in NYC? Year? |
New York Council Hygiene of the Citizen's Association in 1864 |
| Explain what the Transcontinental Railroad was? Year? |
The connection of the western and eastern railroad lines (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) at Promontory Point, UT. May 10, 1869 |
| What instigated the first tenement legislation in NYC? Year? How many tenement houses existed at that time? |
A 1867 report by the NY Council of Hygiene of the Citizen's Association. 15,000 tenements. Not effective due to lack of enforcement. |
| What are the major points addressed by the NYC tenement law of 1867? |
Required that all tenements have: 1) window or ventilation in every sleeping room, 2) a fire escape, 3) and "good and sufficient" water closets or privies, 4) be graded, drained, and connected to sewer |
| When was the 1st "Dumbbell" tenement built? What was it? |
Built in 1879 it is was a multifamily style of housing that was shaped like a dumbell
and noted for its poor living environment (lack of air, light, and space). |
| What was the Public Health Movement? |
Advocated worker safety and public health as a result of poor factory conditions. Also addressed slum living conditions marked by open sewage in the streets & disease. |
| When was the 1st US Geological Survey Completed? |
1879 |
| What prompted the founding of the Sierra Club? Year? By whom? |
The need to promote, protect, and preserve the natural environment, 1892 by John Muir. |
| What was the General Land Law Revision Act? Year? |
Gave the US President power to create forest preserves by proclamation in 1891 |
| Explain the significance of the Garden City Movement. Name the 1st 2 cities. |
Ebenezer Howard's city design which extolled the virtue of nature over cities and sought a return to pre-industrial small villages. Letchworth & Welwyn. |
| What book is created with starting the Garden City Movement? Year? |
Ebenezer Howard's "To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform," published in 1898. |
| What event propelled the City Beautiful Movement? Year? |
The design of the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair), nicknamed the "White City", in 1893. |
| What was the first zoning ordinance? When? |
San Francisco passed the land use zoning ordinance on the location of obnoxious uses in 1867. |
| When was the first census conducted? Who did it? |
1790 - 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson |
| What book is created with starting housing reforms? |
Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" publish in 1890 about NYC slums. |
| What was the "Forest Management Act"? Year? |
Federal legislation which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. 1891. |
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