| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| What is the "White City"? Who designed it? When? | The Plan for Chicago; it is the first example of a comprhensive plan. Daniel Burnham designed it in 1893. |
| What is the planning significance of Central Park? Who was it designer & builder? | It was createdin the mid 1800s as an a way to address the lack of green space in cities. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Built by Calvert Vaux. |
| What is the "Cumberland Road"? When was its built? | The "National Road" built by the Federal gov't to tie the east and west together in 1811. Ran from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL |
| What were the 3 major ports of immigration in 1811. | Chicago, NY, Philadelphia |
| What are the most significant laws of the Public Health Movement? | NYC Tenement Law of 1867 and a San Francisco ordinance that ended slaughter houses in 1867. |
| Why did the Public Health Movement die out? | The Public Health Movement died out in the 1920s as local governments were given authority to regulate issues. |
| Explain what the S - T - R system is and how it was used. | S - T - R : Section, Town, Range government classification system established by the "Ordinance of 1785" to promote land speculation and development in the west. |
| What was the intent of the "Land Ordinance of 1785"? What it is its planning significance? | The rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest was created to provide a systematic way to divide and distribute land to people. It is called the "largest single act of national planning in our history." |
| What did the Louisiana Purchase do? What year? | Secured 828,000 sq miles of land from Mississippi to the Rocky Mnts from France. It led to the western expansion. |
| What is the importance of the Erie Canal? What year was it opened? | Opened a western shipping chanal from NYC to the Great Lakes. Opened in 1825. |
| What year was the 1st tenement housing built in Manhattan? | 1855 |
| What was the "Homestead Act of 1862" | Federal legislation that promoted western development by providing any family a 1/4 of twnshp (160 acres). It was given to them if they lived there for 5 years and built a house, or it could be purchase it for $1.25 per acre after only 6 months. |
| What was the "Morrell Act"? Year? | Federal legislation of 1862 that authorized land grants to the states so that they could use the proceeds to establish colleges in agriculture, enineering, and other "practical arts". |
| What was the 1st group to push for higher sanitary and housing standards in NYC? Year? | New York Council Hygiene of the Citizen's Association in 1864 |
| Explain what the Transcontinental Railraod was? Year? | The connection of the western adn easter railroad lines (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) at Promontory Point, UT. May 10, 1869 |
| What instigated the first tenement legislation in NYC? Year? How many tenenant houses existed at that time? | A 1867 report by the NY Council of Hygiene of the Citizen's Association. 15,000 tenements. Not effective due to lack of enforcement. |
| What are the major points addressed by the NYC tenement law of 1867? | Required that all tenements have: 1) window or ventilation in every sleeping room, 2) a fire escape, 3) and "good and suffiecient" water clostets or privies, 4) be graded, drained, and connected to sewer |
| When was the 1st "Dumbell" tenement built? What was it? | Built in 1879 it is was a multifamily style of housing that was shaped like a dumbelland noted for its poor living environment (lack of air, light, and space). |
| What was the Public Health Movement? | Advocated worker safety and public health as a result of poor factory conditions. Also addressed slum living conditions marked by open sewage in the streets & disease. |
| When was the 1st Us Geological Survey Completed? | 1879 |
| What prompted the founding of the Sierra Club? Year? By whom? | The need to promote, protect, and preserve the natural environment, 1892 by John Muir. |
| What was the General Land Law Revision Act? Year? | Gave the US President power to create forest preserves by proclamation in 1891 |
| Explain the significance of the Garden City Movement. Name the 1st 2 cities. | Ebenezer Howard's city design which extolled the virtue of nature over cities and sought a return to pre-industrial small villages. Letchworth & Welwyn. |
| What book is created with starting the Garden City Movement? Year? | Ebenezer Howard's "To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform"1898. |
| What event propelled the City Beautiful Movement? Year? | Chicago World's Fair "White City" in 1893. |
| What was the first zoning ordinance? When? | San Fancisco passed the land use zoning ordinance on the location of obnoxous uses in 1867. |
| When was the first census conducted? Who did it? | 1790 - 1792, Sec of State Thams Jefferson |
| What book is created with starting housing reforms? | Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" publish in 1890 about NYC slums. |
| What was the "Forest Management Act"? Year? | Federal legislation which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. 1891. |
