1. Coronal Plane: divides the front and the back parts of the body or organ. 2. Sagittal Plane: divides the left and right sides of a body or organ. 3. Transverse: divides the parts closer to the head from the parts closer to the feet. 4. Dorsal: toward the backbone. (back) *pertaining to the back of the body 5. Ventral: toward the belly. (front) *pertaining to the belly 6. Anterior: toward the nose (front) *refers to the front surface of a body 7. Posterior: away from the nose. (back) *toward the rear 8. Inferior: Down (caudal) toward the tail *below; closer to the ground 9. Superior: up (rostral) toward the head *above; farther from the ground 10. Medial: toward the midline 11. Distal: away from the midline 12. Deep: further from the surface 13. Superficial: on or near the surface 14. Peripheral: relative to the periphery or away from Systems 1. Respiratory System: the physical system involved in respiration, including the lungs, bronchial passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity. 2. Phonatory System: the system including laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved. 3. Articulatory System: in speech science, the system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech. 4. Resonatory System: the portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined; sometimes referring only to the nasal cavities and nasopharynx) 5. Nervous System: related to central and nervous system control of speech processes Parts of the Body 1. Thorax: the part of the body between the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra. 2. Abdomen: belly. 3. Truck or Torso: is made up of the thorax and the abdomen. 4. Dorsal Truck: the region we commonly refer to as the back. 5. Pelvis: the area of the hip bones. 6. Caput: the head 7. Cranium: portion of the skull housing the brain. 8. Upper Extremity: consists of the arm (from the shoulder to the elbow), the forearm, wrist and hand. 9. Lower Extremity: is made up of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. Basic Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue: refers to the superficial (outer) layer of the mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin. The hallmark of epithelial tissue is its shortage of material between cells. The absence of intercellular material lets the epithelial cells form a tightly packed sheet, a protective quality. There may be many layers of epithelium. *Epithelial tissue lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as well as the tubes that connect them. 2. Connective Tissue: the most complex of the categories, being specialized for the purpose of support. It is composed predominantly of intercellular material, known as the matrix, within which the cells of connective tissue are bound. Connective tissue may be solid, liquid, or gel-like. *Areolar connective tissue is loose and thin. *Cartilage has both tensile and compressive strength and is elastic. *Blood is a fluid connective tissue. *Bone is the hardest of the connective tissues. 3. Muscle Tissue: Muscle is specialized contractile (it contracts) tissue. Muscle fibers are capable of being stimulated to contract. Muscle is generally classified as being striated, smooth, or cardiac.

• Striated (voluntary) muscle is so called because of its striped appearance on microscopic examination. Striated muscle is also known as skeletal muscle because it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures. It is also known as voluntary muscle because it can be moved in response to conscious, voluntary processes.
• Smooth muscle (involuntary) includes the muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels. Smooth muscle is generally sheet-like, with spindle-shaped cells.
• Cardiac muscle is composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion.

Huerta Ch 3 Test Review Anatomy of Respiration

Respiration-is the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment.

Inspiration- oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in.

Expiration- eliminating waste (carbon dioxide) by breathing out.

Alveoli- gas exchange that takes place in these minute air sacs.

Air Pressure-force exerted on a surface by air molecules.

Pressure-force distributed over area or P=F/A

Boyle’s Law states as volume of a container increases, the air pressure within the container will decrease. This principle forms the basis for movement of air into and out of the lungs (vice versa) FORCES SEEK STABILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM. Positive pressure-increased pressure. Negative pressure-decreased pressure.

Breathing

1. Nostrils-part of the respiratory passageway that warms and moistens air going into the lungs. 2. Abdomen protrudes due to inspiration because the diaphragm is pushing against the abdomen when it contracts to bring in air 3. Diaphragm is pushing against the abdomen and contracts to bring in air. 4. Thorax expands when breathing in quietly and expands markedly as you breathe more deeply.

Skeletal System

There exist 12 pairs of ribs: • True Ribs (1-7) • False Ribs (8-10) • Floating Ribs (11-12) unattached

• True Ribs (first 7) ribs attach to sternum by cartilage individually
• False Ribs (8-10) also attach to the sternum by cartilage, although the cartilaginous portion must run superiorly to attach to the sternum
• Floating Ribs are attached only with vertebral column

• Ribs protect heart and lungs and are the basis for respiration.
• Lungs are housed within the thorax, bounded by first rib and clavicle and the 12th rib.

Vertebral Column consists:

A. Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7 B. Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12 C. Lumbar vertebrae: L1-L5 D. Sacral vertebrae: S1-S5 E. Coccygeal vertebrae: Coccyx

• Gas exchange for life occurs within the lungs. Communication from the lungs into the external environment is by means of the respiratory passageway, which includes the oral and nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
• Trachea – a flexible tube, approximately 11cm in length and composed of a series of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the back.
• The trachea bifurcates to form right and left mainstem (or main) bronchi, which serve the right and left lungs respectively.
• The lungs are a composite of blood, arterial, and venous network, connective tissue, respiratory pathway, and tissue specialized for gas exchange.
• The bronchial tree is characterized by increasingly smaller tubes as one progresses into the depths of the lungs, but the total surface area at any given level of the tree is greater than the level before it.
• There are 14 generations of the bronchial tree in the left lung, and 28 generations in the right lung.
• The mainstem bronchi bifurcate off of the trachea to serve the left and right lungs, while lobar (intermediate) bronchi supply the lobes of the lungs. The right lung is composed of three lobes; the left of two lobes (because of the location of the heart).