| Question |
Answer |
| abdominal quadrants |
dividing abdomen into four quadrants |
| abdominopelvic cavity |
inferior part of the ventral body cavity. |
| adhesion molecules |
allow cells of tissue to recognize one another and stick together.determine ability of particular dissolved substance and enter or leave cell-particularly for substances that carry electrical charge. |
| adipocytes |
cells derived from fibroblasts-interior is dominated by a droplet of fat-movement of fat between adipose tissues and bloodstream conttrolled by nervous and endocrine systems |
| adipose tissue |
specialized for storage of fat--functions as energy reserve,-fat cushions internal organs, reduces heat loss through skin and gives body its contours. |
| ADP |
energy depleted form of mitochondria |
| anatomical position |
subject is erect, facing the viewer, feet pointed ahead, arms at the sides, palms of hands turned forward |
| appendicular region |
consisting of the limbs or extremeties |
| ATP |
general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses of mitochondria |
| axial region |
consists of the head, neck, and trunk |
| bilayer |
double layer of phospholipids-each cell has one-hydrophilic heads facing the extracellular fluid on one side and the cytoplasm on the other-hydrophilic tails of phospholipids point towards the interior of the membrane. |
| blood plasma |
fluid component containing salts; some organic solutes; disolved gases and proteins; formed elements, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. |
| body cavities |
two major hollow internal spaces that enclose internal organs |
| bone marrow |
fills spaces of trabeculae |
| canaliculus |
radiating out at right angles to each Haversian canal are small channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes and cellular wastes to be removed |
| cancellous bone |
spongy bone-consists of a meshwork of mineralized trabeculae with bone marrow filling the spaces |
| cardiac muscle |
makes up the walls of the heart and is responsible for circulating blood to all parts of the body |
| cartilage |
a strong, flexible, smooth material composed of collagen and chondroitin-in adults supports some soft tissues, |
| chondrocytes |
cells that cartilage is secreted from |
| chondroitin |
a tough, flexible material that is a major component of cartilage, one form of connective tissue |
| collagen |
giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh |
| compact bone |
outer covering of bone- dense bone- surrounding a core of cancellous bone- composed of units called osteon |
| connective tissue |
from the mesoderm |
| connective tissue proper |
composes a loosely arranged structural framework for almost every tissue |
| cranial cavity |
within the skull, contains the brain, and the vertebral canal within the vertebral column which contains spinal cord and spinal roots |
| cuboidal |
epithelial cells are approximately as wide as they are tall |
| cytoplasm |
intracellular fluid- contains a number of characteristic organelles |
| cytoskeleton |
the scaffold of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and move |
| differentiation |
process in which unspecialized cells acquire specific cellular structures and become specialized to perform specific functions |
| directional terms |
way of decribing the relationships of individual structures and regions |
| ectoderm |
cells of embrio that lie outermost |
| elastin |
giant fibrous molecules, that may be arranged in bundles or mesh |
| endocrine glands |
formed by epithelial cells- secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood |
| endoderm |
cells of embryo that lie innermost |
| endoplasmic reticulum |
ER-an internal membrane system that contains proteins and lipids destined for various metaboli fates within the cell, for secretion to exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane |
| epithelial tissue |
from the ectoderm and endoderm |
| erythrocytes |
red blood cells |
| exocrine glands |
formed by epithelial cells- secrete substances by way of ducts to the exterior |
| extrinsic |
membrane proteins less tightly attached and may be removed by chemical treatments that do not dissolve the membrane |
| fibroblasts |
characteristic cells that secrete intercellular materials |
| formed elements |
erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes |
| frontal section |
pass parallel to the midline and at right angles to the lane of the sagittal section- would divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions |
| glia |
support the neurons and maintain a favorable environment for their functions |
| glycoproteins |
proteins that strands of sugar molecules are attached to |
| Golgi apparatus |
closely stacked sacs of ER that serve as a sorting station for proteins sythesized by ribosomes attached to the ER- these proteins are labeled for various destinations in the cell |
| Haversian canal |
surrounded by an osteon- contains blood vessels and nerves |
| horizontal section |
(transverse) a cut at right angles to the midline and dividing the body into superior and inferior portions |
| hormones |
chemical messangers secreted by endocrine glands-in the blood |
| hyaluronic acid |
intercellular substance formed by connective tissues-forma a gel that cements cells together and acts as a cushion |
| intercellular material |
generated by connective tissue- large deposits of insoluble material.-secreted by characteristic cells called fibroblasts |
| intermediate filaments |
part of the cytoskeleton-allows cell to maintain a form and to move |
| intrinsic |
membrane proteins from plasma membrane- tightly associated with the membrane and in some cases span it from one side to the other |
| lacunae |
spaces between the lamellae--occupied by osteocytes |
| lamellae |
concentric rings of mineralized intercellular substance surrounding the Haversian canal |
| leukocytes |
white blood cells |
| ligaments |
structures that hold joints together-composed mainly of bundles of collagen and elastin fibers all with the same orientation |
| mesoderm |
unspecialized cells of the embryo--comes to lie between the ectoderm and endoderm |
| microfilaments |
part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move |
| microtubules |
part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move |
| midline |
a cut made in the middle of the body from head to toes |
| midsagittal section |
if the body were sliced into equal right and left halves--would pass through the sagittal plane along the midline of the body |
| mitochondria |
rod-like structures consisting, of a double-bilayer membrain--sites of the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism--energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP--believed to evolved from bacteria that took up residence in prim |
| Neurons |
generate and conduct electrical impulses and communicate with other cells by way of chemical messages--divided from nervous tissue |
| nucleus |
contains genetic material (DNA), together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code--bound with double-bilayer membrane penetrated with porthole-like nuclear pores |
| organelles |
characteristic part of the cytoplasm--nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi aparatus, and mitochondria |
| osteoblasts |
type of osteocyte--synthesize bone |
| osteocytes |
bone cells--two types--osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| osteons |
units that compose compact bone--surrounds a central Haversian canal |
| oxidative phosphorylation |
energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP, the general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses, for ADP, and energy-depleted form of the same molecule |
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