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Endocrine System C18
Endocrine System Chabner Chapter 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce "steroids" | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH |
| Stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues | Growth Hormone GH |
| Acts on the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH |
| Promotes milk secretion | Prolactin PRL |
| Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen | Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH |
| Stimulates the ovaries to produce progesterone | Luteinizing Hormone LH |
| Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone | Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone ICSH |
| Induces sleep and affects mood | Melatonin |
| Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth | Oxytocin OT |
| Increases reabsorption of water by the kidney/Blocks excretion of urine in large volumes=Diuresis | Antidiuretic Hormone ADH |
| Increases metabolism in cells, thyroid produces 80% more of this hormone | Thyroxine T-4 |
| Increases metabolism in cells, 4X more strength in affecting the metabolism in cells | Triiodothyronine T-3 |
| Decreases blood calcium levels, helps keep calcium in bones, reduces activity of osteoclasts, prevents bone reabsorption | Calcitonin |
| Increases blood calcium, controls Ca++ absorption from GI tract excretion by kidney | Parathyroid Hormone PTH |
| Regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response | Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) |
| Regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body, Aldosterone (Na+, K+, water homeostasis) | Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) |
| Stimulates secondary female sexual characteristics, Estradiol and Estrone | Estrogen |
| Prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy | Progesterone |
| Stimulate secondary male sexual characteristics, most potent naturally occurring androgen | Testosterone |
| Male hormone stimulates activity of male sex organs, prevents changes in male sex characteristics due to castration | Androgen |
| Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla | Catecholamines |
| Raises blood sugar levels | Cortisol |
| Raises mineral salt reabsorption by kidneys | Aldosterone |
| Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex | Corticosteroids |
| Hormone (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body | Mineralocorticoids |
| Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and dilates airways, part of "fight or flight" reaction | Epinephrine (Adrenaline) |
| Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure | Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) |
| Decreases blood sugar by conversion of glucose to glycogen (starch) | Insulin |
| Increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose | Glucagon |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates Adrenal Cortex | ACTH |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues | GH |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, Acts on thyroid gland to promote its functioning | TSH |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, promotes milk secretion | PRL |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen | FSH |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates the ovaries to produce progesterone | LH |
| Secreted by Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates testes to produce testosterone | ICSH |
| Secreted by the Pineal Gland, induces sleep | Melatonin |
| Secreted by Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, stimulates childbirth | Oxytocin |
| Secreted by Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, blocks excretion of urine in large volumes=Diuresis | ADH |
| Secreted by Thyroid Gland, increases metabolism in cells, thyroid gland produces 80% of this hormone | T-4 |
| Secreted by Thyroid Gland, increases metabolism in cells, 3 atoms of Iodine | T-3 |
| Secreted by Thyroid Gland, decreases blood calcium | Calcitonin |
| Secreted by Parathyroid Glands, increases blood calcium | PTH |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, increases blood sugar | Cortisol |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, Steroid Hormone, regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism | Glucocorticoids |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, increases mineral salt (sodium) reabsorption | Aldosterone |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, Steroid Hormone, regulates mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body | Mineralocorticoids |
| Secreted by the Ovaries, eg: Estradiol and Estrone | Estrogen |
| Secreted by the Ovaries, prepares uterus for pregnancy | Progesterone |
| Secreted by the testes, male hormone | Testosterone |
| Secreted by the testes, stimulates activity of male sex organs | Androgen |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure, "fight or flight" | Epinephrine (Adrenaline) |
| Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla, increases blood pressure, constricts blood vessels | Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) |
| Secreted by Beta Islet Cells of the Pancreas, decreases blood sugar | Insulin |
| Secreted by Alpha Islet Cells of the Pancreas, increases blood sugar | Glucagon |
| Hypersecretion of GH of the Anterior Pituitary after puberty, Enlargement of the Extremities | Acromegaly |
| Hypersecretion of GH from Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues | Gigantism |
| Hyposecretion of GH of Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, bones remain small but normal mentally | Dwarfism |
| Hyposecretion of ADH (vasopressin) of the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, tasteless dilute urine | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Bed wetting | Enuresis |
| Hyposecretion of the Thyroid Gland, Myxedema and Cretinism | Hypothyroidism |
| Hyposecretion of the Thyroid Gland, advanced in adulthood leading to atrophy of the thyroid gland | Myxedema |
| Hyposecretion of the Thyroid Gland, in children leads to lack of normal physical and mental growth | Cretinism |
| Hypersecretion of the Thyroid Gland, Thyrotoxicosis=Thyroid "Storm", most common form of Hyperthyroidism | Grave's Disease |
| Hyposecretion of the Thyroid Gland, enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of Iodine in diet | Endemic Goiter |
| Hyposecretion of the Thyroid Gland, Proptosis=Protrusion of the eyeballs, pushing it forward | Exophthalmic Goiter |
| Hypersecretion of the Thyroid Gland, condition requiring medical emergency | Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid "Storm") |
| Hypersecretion of the Parathyroid Gland, excessive production of parathormone | Hyperparathyroidism |
| Hyposecretion of the Parathyroid Gland, deficient production of parathormone, Tetany=constant muscle contraction | Hypoparathyroidism |
| Bone disease, increased risk of fracture, Bone Mineral Density BMD reduced, porous bones | Osteoporosis |
| Tumor of Parathyroid Gland, kidney stones (Renal Calculi) | Nephrolithiasis |
| Pancreas, decreased insulin or resistance of insulin | Diabetes Mellitus DM |
| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 diabetes) | IDDM |
| Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 diabetes) | NIDDM |
| 3 organs most commonly affected by diabetes: eyes (retinopathy), nerves (neuropathy), and kidneys (nephropathy) | Triopathy |
| Destruction of blood vessels of retina causing visual loss and blindness | Retinopathy |
| Destruction of kidneys causing renal failure | Nephropathy |
| Destruction of nerves causing pain, loss of sensation, most common in extremities | Neuropathy |
| Excessive insulin release leading to recurrent episodes of symptomatic reactions occurring 2-4 hours after a high carbohydrate meal or oral glucose load | Reactive Hypoglycemia |
| Excessive drug effects leading to liver damage | Hepatotoxicity |
| Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex, excessive production of adrenal hormones leading to development of male characteristics in the female | Adrenal Virilism |
| Hyposecretion of Adrenal Cortex, insufficient Cortisol and Aldosterone | Addison's Disease |
| Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex, excessive Cortisol, ages 20 to 50 | Cushing's Disease |
| Deficiency of Gonadotropins, sex glands produce little or no hormones; men, glands (gonads) are the testes; in women, they are the ovaries | Hypogonadism |
| Male testes are nonfunctioning or have been removed | Eunuchism |
| Inability of the testicles to produce sperm or male hormones | Testicular Failure |
| Cessation of fertility and diminishing of hormone production | Menopause |
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kyleburnes
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