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SCIENCE OF MEDICINES
Y1 S1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is drug | molecule that goes to target site |
| define oral bioavailability | quantitative measure of amount of drug that reaches site of action AND rate at which it gets there |
| define prodrug | drug that produces active ingredient inside body |
| where/how can you measure drug in general circulation | by taking blood, serum, plasma |
| MEC | minimum effective concentration |
| MTC | minimum toxic concentration |
| define formulation | process by which APIs and excipients are combined to produce medicinal product |
| how long is standard patent | 20 years |
| define NCEs | new chemical entities |
| objective of pharmaceutical R&D industry | to convert synthesised chemical compounds into candidate drugs for development |
| define blockbuster drug | drug where its sales reaches over US $1 billion per year |
| define generic drug | drug that is BIOEQUIVALENT to leading brand name |
| how to generic drugs appear | when patent for leading brand runs out |
| true or false: prescribers are not encouraged to prescribe generic drugs | false |
| why might someone need branded medication | may be taking epilepsy medications need modified-release preparations may be taking lithium or biological medications allergies to excipients |
| are low doses easier to manufacture | no |
| excipients of solid dosage forms (tablets) | diluents binders glidants dry lubricants disintegrants sweeteners/film coatings |
| define buccal tablet | tablet placed between gum and cheek |
| advantages of buccal and sublingual tablets | rapid dissolving and absorption => bypass stomach and liver |
| define effervescent tablet | uncoated tablets that contain acid substances and bicarbonates that react rapidly w/ water |
| benefit of effervescent tablets | very rapid dispersion and dissolution pleasant tasting carbonated drink |
| define capsule | formulation contained in gelatin or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix |
| what kind of capsule is used to dry powdered ingredients | hard shelled |
| what kind of capsule is used for oils and dissolved active ingredients | soft shelled |
| how are oral granules administered | placed on tongue and swallowed w/ water or dissolved in water |
| define orodispersible melts (OTD) | formulations that dissolve/disintegrate quickly in oral cavity without water |
| disadvantages of OTD melts | tablet difficult to handle and often require specialised peel-off blister packaging |
| solvents of solutions | alcohol glycerin propylene glycol purified water |
| define emulsions | stabilised oil-in-water dispersions |
| define suspensions | one or more APIs suspended in suitable vehicle (possibly purified water w/ cellulose derivative polymers and thickening agents) |
| define elixir | pleasantly flavoured clear liquid preparation of potent or nauseous drugs |
| define linctus | viscous liquid oral prep that is usually given for cough relief |
| how do linctus work for cough relief | contains high proportion of syrup and glycerol that have demulcent effect on membranes on throat |
| define ointments | viscous semi-solid greasy preps (80% oil 20% water) |
| define creams | oil in water (O/W) => less greasy than ointments water in oil (W/O) => more moisturising since providing oily barrier reducing water loss |
| define gel | semi solid system w/ liquid phase that is constrained w/in 3D polymer matric w/ high degree of physical/chemical cross linking |
| benefit of patches | provide controlled release of meds |
| where are pessaries used | vagina |
| where are bougies used | urethra |
| define subcutaneous | fluid injected into subcutis (layer of fatty tissue directly below dermis and epidermis |
| define ophthalmic ointments | sterile semi solid preps intended for application to conjunctiva or eyelid margin |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | entropy of isolated system increases in spontaneous change - heat doesn't flow spontaneously from cold to hot body |
| 3rd law of thermodynamics | entropy of pure crystalline substance = 0 at absolute 0 (0K) bc crystal arrangement must have greatest possible orderliness |
| internal energy = | sum of all kinetic + potential energy contributions from all atoms/ions/molecules present |
| why do spontaneous changes take place | due to changes in randomness of system |
Created by:
abigail9
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