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pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phamacology | is the study of source, nature, chemistry preparation, uses, actions and properties of drugs and their effects on living organisms |
| pharamaceuticals also called | medicines, drugs, medical drugs |
| medical drugs are used to | prevent, diagnose and treat diseases and to relieve pain |
| drugs | a substance or biologic that can affect the structure or function of the budy and is maintained by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary |
| official pharmacopoeia | a database or compilation describing drugs chemicals, and medicinal preparations |
| official pharmacopoeia is maintained by | a governing body or organazational body such as American Hospital formulary service published by american society of hospital pharmacists |
| The study of pharmaceuticals is divided into what categories | medicinal chemistry chemotherapy toxicology pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics molecular pharmacology |
| medicinal chemistry is | new drug syntheses |
| chemotherapy | drugs that destroy micro organisms, parasites, or malignant cells |
| toxicology | study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body |
| pharmacokinetics | mathematical description of drug disposition overtime |
| pharmacodynamics | study of drug effects on the body including bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs |
| molecular pharmacology | interaction of drugs and subcellular entities |
| Name of the admisistration that regulates decisions to allow sale and distribution of medications | US Food and Drug Administration FDA. |
| the FDA regulates sale of what | medicines sold with a prescription, behind the counter and over the counter OTC |
| All drugs have three names | chemical generic brand or trade |
| chemical name | specifies the chemical molecular or elemental makeup of the drug. Rarely used. |
| generic name | name that can be used by any company. derived from the chemical name. Usually begins with a lower case letter. |
| is generic the same as brand name drugs in dosage, safety, strength, how it is taken, quantity, quality, performance and the intended use? | yes |
| brand or trade name | is the property of the company who owns the name. has propriety, trademark-protected name or registered brand name. Usually begins with a capital letter. |
| receptor | target substance on the cellular surface or within a cell |
| what do drugs interact with when entering the body | a receptor. may work on more than one receptor |
| the action | where and how long a drug combines with tissues |
| drug's response | is the desired and beneficial effect on the body |
| biotransformation | when a drug is chemically changed in the body |
| tolerance | drug effects dimish over time. more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect as treatment continues |
| addiction | is dependence psychologically and physiologically to the drug. |
| contraindications | the use of a drug in a manner which is dangerous and ill-advised |
| resistance | is the lack of beneficial response. what used to be effective is no longer |
| drug abuse | use of any drug in a way that deviates from the manner in which it was prescribed |
| drug addiction | is caused bu excessive or continued use of habit-forming drugs |
| drug overdoses | any drug taken that exceeds the optimal dose is an overdose. can lead to adverse effects ranging from mild reactions to severe system damage to death. |
| drug underdosing | refers to taking less than is prescribed |
| idiosyncractic responses (idiosyncrasy) | unpredictable drug toxicity. every patient has unique idiosyncratic response to drug therapy |
| factors that influence idiosyncratic responses | age, weight, diet/nutrition, genetics, ethnicity, pathophysiology, immunity, psychology and environment |
| chromobiology | is the study of body rhythms |
| chromopharmacology | study of the effect of such body rhythms on the effectiveness of drugs |
| pharmacokinetics | describes what the body does to the drugs |
| pharmacodynamics | describes what the drug does to the body |
| Drug interactions | occur when one drug interacts with another drug you are taking or when your medications interact with what you eat or drink. |
| Drug interactions can change the way your medications act in your body they can | make your medications less effective or they can cause unexpected and potentially dangerous side effects |
| Adverse reactions | are any harmful, unintended effect of a medication in normal therapeutic use and that causes significant, sometimes life-threatening conditions |
| Multiple drugs may have additional interactions | Additive Action Antagonistic Synergistic Potentiation |
| Additive Action | The combination of two drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each, then the drugs are called additive. 10% tumor kill plus 20% tumor kill gives a 30% tumor kill |
| Antagonistic | when two drugs give less than the additive effect (1 + 1 = 0) |
| Synergistic | The drugs cause an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of the drugs. Synergism means the drugs not only enhance their effect, but greatly enhance or almost multiply the effects of the drugs (1 + 1 = 5) |
| Potentiation | This means drug a enhances the effect of drug b into capital B or substantially increases the action of drug B.(a + b = B) |
| Allergy and hypersensitivity drug reactions can range from a | simple skin rash or itch (urticaria) to a life-threatening anaphylaxis |
| Anaphylaxis | s the exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein |
| Drug toxicity | is the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of drugs |
| an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity | Idiosyncrasy |
| idiosyncrasy | Any unexpected effect that appears in the patient after drug administration |
| Iatrogenic | is an effect caused by treatment. This iatrogenic effect can occur as a result of mistakes or unrecognized individual sensitivity |
| Side effects | are toxic effects resulting from drug usage. All drugs have side effects, even aspirin. Side effects are reactions to or the consequence of taking a particular medication, for example, chemotherapy drugs often produce nausea vomiting and alopecia |
| drug administration | Providing a drug to a patient is called |
| dose or a unit | measured amount of drug. sometimes called a unit dose |
| local effect (topical) | a drug’s effect stays at the site of administration |
| systemic effect | If a drug acts on many sites away from the administration site |
| Drugs can also have more than one effect? | yes |
| The Food and Drug Administration lists over 100 specific drug administration routes name some | oral, subcuteanous, rectal, vaginal |
| Most drug administration routes fall into three broad categories | Gastrointestinal/Enteral Parenteral Topical/Localized |
| Gastrointestinal/Enteral | Applied via the digestive tract. The resulting effect is systemic. most commonly administered orally. drugs have a resulting systemic effect and are absorbed through the digestive tract |
| Enteral | refers to anything involving the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the rectum. |
| There are four enteral routes of administration: | oral, sublinqual, buccal, and rectal. |
| Parenteral | Application by any means other than digestive tract, but generally understood as the injectable method of application. The resulting effect is systemic. includes most needle injections, into the veins or arteries, into the muscles, or into the spine. |
| Topical/Localized | routes that do not use the alimentary tract, for example, vaginal, inhalation, otic, nasal, inhaled, trandermal, to name a few. The administration of these medications is localized and usually has limited systemic effects |
| Otic | means ear; also called auricular |
| Drugs can be administered directly into the ear via | a dropper |
| Carbamide peroxide drops | help soften, loosen, and remove earwax |
| corticosteroid | acetic acid. relieves redness, itching, and swelling |
| antibiotic | prevent, inhibit or attack the infection |
| Ophthalmic administration usually refers to | eye drops |
| Intravitreal administration | is much less common and is accomplished via a needle into the vitreous of the eye |
| vasoconstrictor | constrict or tighten small, superficial blood vessels of the eye, making them small enough you can no longer see them, making the “red” disappear |
| conjunctiva | is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and is continued over the forepart of the eyeball |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Local anesthetics | deaden the nerves in and around the teeth and can be applied via injection, a swish, a spray, or a gel. |
| Most drugs for dental issues have a what type of effect | local |
| Carbamide peroxide gel | is applied directly to the teeth, making them become whiter and brighter. (Interestingly, carbamide peroxide is the same medication applied to the ear canal for wax buildup.) |
| Inhalation administration | involves the taking in of air, or of breathing in a drug. The drug when inhaled affects the airway and lungs directly, or is absorbed through the lungs for a systemic effect |
| A nebulizer is | device used to administer medications in the form of a mist that is inhaled into the lungs. |
| how does nebulizer work | nebulizer takes the liquid form of a medicine and pumps oxygen through it, turning it into a vapor, which is more easily inhaled into the lungs to provide faster relief. |
| The most common medication administered via inhalation with a systemic effect is | anesthesia |
| General anesthesia | is for pain control, often during surgery, and is characterized by unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and a total loss of sensation throughout the entire body |
| General anesthesia is administered using | using either a face mask or an endotracheal tube |
| endotracheal tube | is a catheter inserted into the patient’s trachea to provide or maintain an airway |
| nitrous oxide | Also called laughing gas. This anesthetic relieves pain and causes relaxation and forgetfulness but usually without putting a patient under, often used in dental offices |
| desflurane | A potent inhalational anesthetic that is used during surgery to accomplish general anesthesia. Its brand name is Suprane |
| Topical/Localized – Skin | Applying medication to a specific area of the skin, or to a wound, to anesthetize it, clean it, or otherwise aid in healing is a way to topically administer some medications |
| Intranasal administration of medications involves | using the inside of the nose as an administration route. Topical drug administration using the intranasal route is primarily to deal with medical problems related to the nose |
| Vaginal topical drugs are generally administered in the form of | a cream or suppository |
| Enteral means | relating to or inside the intestines |
| drugs administered enterally have | an intended systemic effect |
| Enteral medications are assimilated into the body through | the gastrointestinal system, and the primary method for getting them into the body is through the mouth |
| example of enteral administration that bypasses the mouth | gastroduodenal feeding tube |
| few different types of feeding tubes | nasogastric tube G-tube jejunostomy tube |
| nasogastric tube | Also called an NG tube, the NG tube is passed through the nose, down the esophagus, and into the stomach |
| G-tube | A gastric or a gastrostomy feeding tube is inserted via a small incision directly into the stomach |
| PEG) tube. | percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. similar to G-tube. also inserted (usually via laparoscopy) for feeding |
| jejunostomy tube | The jejunostomy tube smaller than a gastric tube and, is inserted into the jejunum instead of the stomach |
| Most drugs administered via the rectum have what type of effect | systemic and are generally in the form of a suppository or an enema |
| suppository | is a small plug or cone of medicine inserted in a body cavity other than the mouth (specifically the rectum) and designed to melt at body temperature, being absorbed into the surrounding soft mucosa. |
| A suppository is considered enteral because | they are assimilated through the digestive tract |
| The trade name suppository for treating constipation is spelled | Dulcolax |
| The generic name for a suppository for treating constipation is | bisacodyl |
| A common ingredient in suppositories to treat constipation is | glycerin |
| LA | long acting |
| SR | sustained release |
| ER | extended release |
| CR | controlled release |
| XL | extended release |
| Enteral – Buccal and Sublingual | The mouth is still one of the easiest and least invasive routes of drug administration |
| Buccal | refers to the area inside the cheek. The buccal area has large area of smooth muscle that allows for sustained delivery |
| buccal enteral administration the drug is placed | between the upper gums and the cheek. Traditionally this has been in the form of a patch. but in recent years, tablets have been developed for buccal mucosa delivery |
| nicotine gum | Delivers doses of nicotine to the blood-vessel-rich areas of the mouth |
| testosterone | A male hormone, used to treat testosterone deficiency in men, marketed as Striant |
| Sublingual refers to the area | under the tongue near many blood vessels |
| permeable | capable of being penetrated, particularly by a liquid or a gas |
| The area underneath the tongue is more | permeable |
| Sublingual enteral administration | means that the medication is placed under the tongue and is one of the fastest ways for a drug to get into the body systemically |
| Sublingual parenteral administration | bypasses the gastrointestinal system, and it is both assimilated quicker and causes fewer breakdowns or change in the chemistry of the drug itself. |
| A brand name drug used to treat opioid dependence is | Subutex |
| A generic drug used to treat opioid dependence is | buprenorphine SL |
| A vasodilator used to dilate the blood vessels, which helps to both prevent and alleviate heart pain | isosorbide dinitrate SL |
| A vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels, easing the workload of the heart, often given for angina or chest pain | nitroglycerin SL |
| Parenteral Intravenous administration involves | injecting medication directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. n its simplest form a syringe containing the drug is attached to a hollow needle, and the drug is injected directly into a vein, generally a vein in the arm. |
| A peripheral IV line consists of | a short catheter inserted into any vein not in the chest or abdomen. It’s usually a hand or arm vein, |
| Central IV line or a central venous catheter | placed into a large vein, the superior or inferior vena cava, or even within the atrium of the heart itself. the medication burns less when added to the line |
| When a patient will require intravenous access for a long time period, a | central line can be inserted through a PICC or peripherally inserted central catheter. |
| PICC line | peripherally inserted central catheter |
| The PICC line is inserted through | a vein in the arm and threaded upwards until it is in the superior vena cava or right atrium. |
| TPN stands for | Total parenteral nutrition |
| TPN is typically administered | via a central line. 100% of the patient’s nutrition is received via an intravenous line, eliminating the need for both eating and digesting. The “nutrition” is a liquid containing various amino acids, lipids, vitamins, salts, and glucose |
| The infusion methods are | intravenous drip bolus piggyback |
| intravenous drip | his is the continuous infusion of fluid (which can be accomplished with or without medication) through any of the IV access devices. The drug is administered slowly over time. |
| bolus | The administration of medication in a single, large dose. The drug is administered all at once |
| piggyback | Intermittent infusion. This typically involves a smaller IV bag added into the existing IV line to administer doses of medication |
| Parenteral – Other Routes | Intramuscular or IM Subcutaneous Spinal |
| Intramuscular or IM | injection utilizes a long needle with a large diameter. A large, long needle is needed in order to get through all the layers on top of your muscle because the needle reaches all the way inside a muscle to deliver its contents |
| Generally, large muscles of the body are the best for IM injections | hips, gluteals, and large muscles of the legs |
| Subcutaneous (subcu, subq, or SQ.) | A short, small diameter needle is used to inject medication through the skin, specifically the layer of fat directly under the skin. |
| Spinal | a needle injected directly into the spinal canal. |
| the spinal can be injected in different areas | spinal fluid epidural space surrounding the spine occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord |
| A spinal block is delivered | directly into the spinal fluid and is a one-time injection |
| An epidural is delivered | into the epidural space surrounding the spine and is designed to deliver continuous pain relief. Epidurals are often used during childbirth. |
| An intrathecal instillation is introduced into | or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord. |
| the same general series of processes occurs once the drug enters the body | absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. |
| Absorption is | the process by which the active ingredients of a drug preparation are dissolved and released into the bloodstream |
| half life | the time the total amount of drug diminishes by one half |
| loading dose | a large dose given rapidly at the beginning of treatment to reach therapeutic level quickly |
| distribution | transportation of a drug to other body tissue |
| metabolism | how well the body breaks down the drug |
| elimination | how the drug is eliminated from the body |
| potency | drug's strength |
| efficacy | degree to which a drug can produce a certain effect |
| Drug Categories | Analgesics Anesthesia Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs Anticonvulsants and Antiosteoporosis Cardiovascular Drugs Gastrointestinal Drugs Endocrine Drugs Antibiotics, Antivirals, and Immune Drugs Psychological Drugs Respiratory Drugs |
| ASHP | American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |
| ASHP has developed the “AHFS Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification,” | which is used by the International Classification of Diseases, , by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) for both Medicare and Medicaid. |
| ICD | International Classification of Diseases |
| Drug terms in the AHFS database are classified according to the categories established in | the American Hospital Formulary Service published by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists. |
| Health system facilities are required to maintain a | formulary and retain a certain number of medications available for the patients. |
| The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) maintains | the drug schedules for controlled substance in the United States |
| Controlled substance are placed in classes or schedules based on | their potential harm, addictive potential or medicinal value. |
| Class 1 or Schedule 1 contains | the most dangerous drugs such as heroin or LSD |
| Class 5 or schedule 5 includes medication such as | codeine preparations (Robitussin A-C) or Lomotil (antidiarrheal). |
| categories of pain management drugs (Analgesics) | Non-narcotic analgesics NSAIDs Narcotic Analgesics |
| Non-Narcotic Analgesics | include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. |
| aspirin | Originally called acetylsalicylic acid. ASA. |
| Brand names of aspirin include: | Bayer, Bufferin, Ecotrin, Excedrin |
| acetaminophen | Although good at killing pain and lowering fever, acetaminophen is not particularly effective at reducing swelling. Acetaminophen is the only analgesic that is recommended for use by pregnant women. |
| Brand names of acetaminophen include: | Tylenol, Anacin-3 |
| ibuprofen | a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. an effective pain reliever and fever reducer, unlike acetaminophen it is also useful for reducing redness and swelling. |
| ibuprofen classified as | either an analgesic or an NSAID, commonly used both to relieve pain and reduce swelling. |
| Brand names of ibuprofen include: | Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, PediaCare |
| naproxen | is also a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory used to alleviate pain, fever, and swelling |
| naproxen is marketed OTC under the brand names | Aleve, Naprosyn, Anaprox |
| NSAID is an acronym for | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| indomethacin(generic) trade name is | Indocin |
| piroxicam(generic) trade name is | Feldene |
| tolmetin(generic) trade name is | Tolectin |
| nabumetone(generic) trade name is | Relafen |
| diclofenac sodium(generic) trade name is | Voltaren |
| Narcotics | or opioids are derived from the opium poppy, and work on the brain to relieve pain. Narcotics tend to cause drowsiness and a feeling of euphoria. Narcotics tend to be highly addictive |
| Narcotic medications are dispensed as | tablets or intravenously, as liquid solutions. |
| brand name of Percocet | oxycodone and acetaminophen |
| brand name of Tylox | oxycodone and acetaminophen |
| brand name of OxyContin | oxycodone |
| brand name of Percodan | aspirin and oxycodone |
| brand name of Vicodin | hydrocodone and acetaminophen |
| brand name of Lorcet | hydrocodone and acetaminophen |
| brand name of Darvon | propoxyphene |
| brand name of Ultram | tramadol |
| brand name of Demerol | meperidine |
| brand name of MS-Contin | morphine |
| brand name of Duragesic | fentanyl |
| brand name of Darvocet | propoxyphene and acetaminophen |
| anesthesia | refers to a loss of pain and sensation through the use of drugs |
| Anesthetics | are the drugs that are used to reduce or eliminate sensation. |
| There are three main types of anesthesia | Local anesthesia Regional anesthesia General anesthesia |
| Local anesthesia | numbs only one specific area of the body, usually accomplished using a needle injection, ointment, or spray. |
| Regional anesthesia | is used to numb a larger area, although not the entire body, and is accomplished by injecting the anesthetic near a cluster of nerves |
| some regional anesthesia include | epidural, an interscalene block for spinal surgery,a femoral nerve block for leg surgery. Many of the same drugs are used to accomplish both local and regional anesthesia. |
| procaine has trade name and it uses | Novocain; Local and Regional anesthesia |
| lidocaine has trade name and it uses | Xylocaine Local and Regional anesthesia |
| bupivacaine has trade name and it uses | Marcaine or Sensorcaine Local and Regional anesthesia |
| General anesthesia | is the loss of sensation throughout the body, including the ability to breathe, and requires intubation for assistance in respiration. |
| General anesthesia can be administered via | IV or inhalation, or some combination of the two |
| General anesthesia has three basic components | an analgesic for relief of pain; a paralytic for loss of sensation, muscle tone, and reflex movement; an amnesic to prevent the formation of any memory of the event. |
| General anesthesia is used primarily | during surgery |
| General anesthesia inhalational: name three | nitrous oxide halothane desflurane |
| methohexital has trade name and it uses | Brevital General Intravenous Anesthesics |
| midazolam has trade name and it uses | Versed General Intravenous Anesthesics |
| propofol has trade name and it uses | Diprivan General Intravenous Anesthesics |
| Anticoagulants | those that prevent the formation of clots. these are also sometimes called blood thinners |
| thrombolytics | break up, dissolve, and cause clots to disperse. can also prevent clots. usually only administered through IV in a hospital setting. |
| Thrombolytics are usually referred to as | “clot busters” |
| two of the most common injectable anticoagulants are | heparin and Lovenox. |
| The most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant | is warfarin, which is marketed under the brand name Coumadin. |
| Antiplatelet drugs | interfere with the chemical reactions that cause platelets to be sticky |
| The most common Antiplatelet drugs | aspirin and Plavix. commonly used in cardiovascular patients to prevent clots, or in aspirin’s case, to reduce the harm caused due to a heart attack or myocardial infarction |
| Anticonvulsant drugs | prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions |
| carbamazepine is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Tegretol |
| felbamate is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Felbatol |
| gabapentin is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Neurontin |
| phenobarbital is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Luminal |
| phenytoin sodium is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Dilantin |
| valproic acid is used for and its trade name is | anticonvulsant drug Depakote |
| Antiosteoporosis | deal with bone loss and bone formation |
| There are two categories of antiosteoporosis drugs | bisphosphonates SERMS |
| bisphosphonates | which prevent bone loss |
| SERMS (selective estrogen modulators) | the hormone like drugs which increase bone formation |
| Tamoxifen | an antiestrogen, is often used to treat certain breast cancers, but also acts against osteoporosis |
| alendronate what type of drug and give brand name | Antiosteoporosis bisphosphonates Fosamax |
| ibandronate sodium what type of drug and give brand name | Antiosteoporosis bisphosphonates Boniva |
| zoledronic acid what type of drug and give brand name | Antiosteoporosis bisphosphonates Zometa |
| raloxifene what type of drug and give brand name | Antiosteoporosis SERMS Evista |
| tamoxifen what type of drug and give brand name | Antiosteoporosis SERMS Nolvadex |
| Cardiovascular drugs | are used to improve the function of heart and blood vessels, specifically treating angina, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias |
| five catergories of cardiovascular drugs are | digitalis preparations antihypertensives antiarrhythmics antihyperlipidemics vasodilators |
| digitalis preparations | increases the force of the heart’s contractions, which can be beneficial in heart failure and for irregular heartbeats |
| digitalis preparations drug names commonly used are digoxin and digitoxin | trade name is Lanoxin |
| Antihypertensives | Drugs that lower blood pressure |
| five subcategories of the Antihypertensives are | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors class of antihypertensive drugs | . lower bp by dilating blood vessels to improve the heart performance,reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke They work by stopping a hormone called angiotensin from ever forming. This hormone normally causes blood vessels to narrow. |
| enalapril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Vasotec |
| fosinopril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Monopril |
| lisinopril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Zestril |
| quinapril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Accupril |
| ramipril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Altace |
| benazepril give type of drug, and trade name | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors antihypertensive drugs Lotensin |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) class of antihypertensive drugs | also known as angiotensin II antagonists, AT-2. work by preventing angiotensin from reacting on receptors in blood vessels used by patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors |
| candesartan cilexetil give type of drug, and trade name | Atacand,ARBs |
| irbesartan/HCTZ give type of drug, and trade name | Avalide,ARBs |
| irbesartan give type of drug, and trade name | Avapro, ARBs |
| olmesartan medoxomil/HCTZ give type of drug, and trade name | Benicar HCT, ARBs |
| losartan give type of drug, and trade name | Cozaar, ARBs |
| valsartan give type of drug, and trade name | Diovan, ARBs |
| losartan/HCTZ give type of drug, and trade name | Hyzaar, ARBs |
| clonidine give type of drug, and trade name | Catapres, ARBs |
| methyldopa give type of drug, and trade name | Aldoril, ARBs |
| Diuretics also known as | water pills |
| Diuretics work on | the kidneys causing an increase in the amount of solutes (sodium, chloride, and potassium) and water excreted through the urine |
| diuresis | water excreted through the urine |
| Most diuretics inhibit | the reabsorption of sodium from the tubules, which then increases solute and water output. |
| Diuretics are prescribed to | reduce extracellular fluid volume. Too much sodium can cause extra fluid to build up in tissue and blood vessels, causing different types of disorders |
| Too much sodium can cause extra fluid to build up in tissue and blood vessels, causing different types of disorders: | hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, edema, and some types of liver and kidney disease |
| most commonly prescribed diuretics are | the thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing. |
| Thiazide diuretics | inhibit active exchange of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the cortical diluting segment of the ascending loop of Henle. This diuretic can lead to low potassium levels |
| hypokalemia | low potassium levels |
| hydrochlorothiazide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Thiazide diuretics, Microzide |
| chlorothiazide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Thiazide diuretics, Diuril |
| chlorthalidone is what type of diuretic and trade name | Thiazide diuretics, Hygroton |
| indapamide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Thiazide diuretics, Lozol |
| metolazone is what type of diuretic and trade name | Thiazide diuretics, Zaroxolyn |
| Loop diuretics | inhibit exchange of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle. This diuretic can lead to low potassium levels—termed hypokalemia |
| furosemide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Loop diuretics, Lasix |
| bumetanide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Loop diuretics, Bumex |
| torsemide is what type of diuretic and trade name | Loop diuretics, Demadex |
| ethacrynic acid is what type of diuretic and trade name | Loop diuretics, Edecrin |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | inhibit reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted and collecting tubule. These do not produce hypokalemia like thiazide and loop diuretics do, however they are very weak and are often used in conjunction with a thiazide or loop diuretic |
| spironolactone is what type of diuretic and trade name | Potassium-sparing diuretics, Aldactone |
| triamterene is what type of diuretic and trade name | Potassium-sparing diuretics, Dyrenium |
| amiloride is what type of diuretic and trade name | Potassium-sparing diuretics, Midamor |
| Beta blockers also known as | beta-adrenergic blocking agents |
| Beta blockers | are prescribed for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart attack. Beta blockers target the beta receptor |
| Beta receptors are found on cells of | the heart muscles, smooth muscles, airways, arteries, kidneys, and other tissues that are part of the sympathetic nervous system and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by epinephrine |
| Beta blockers interfere with | the binding to the receptor of epinephrine and other stress hormones, and weaken the effects of stress hormones. Beta blockers help your heart beat slower. |
| Beta blockers | are also effective in treating glaucoma, migraines, anxiety disorders, and certain kinds of tremors. |
| propranolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Inderal |
| atenolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Tenormin |
| metoprolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Lopressor |
| timolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Betimol |
| metoprolol succinate is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Toprol XL |
| nadolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Corgard |
| carvedilol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Coreg |
| betaxolol is what type of drug and the trade name | Beta blockers, Kerlone |
| which beta blocker is primarily used to treat glaucoma | timolol |
| Calcium channel blockers, also known as | calcium antagonists or calcium blockers |
| Calcium channel blockers work directly on | the heart to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure and treat angina and arrhythmia. |
| Calcium channel blockers work on certain types of cells | like those found in the muscles of the heart and the smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls, decreasing the force of contraction of the muscle |
| decreasing the force of contraction of the muscle. Calcium channel blockers do this by | preventing (blocking) calcium from entering the cells. |
| Calcium channel blockers are used to treat | hypertension, atrial fibrillation, angina, migraines, and Raynaud’s disease. |
| amlodipine is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Norvasc |
| diltiazem is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Cardizem, Cartia XT, Tiazac |
| nifedipine is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Procardia, Adalat |
| verapamil is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Calan, Isoptin, Verelan |
| nisoldipine is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Sular |
| nimodipine is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Nimotop |
| felodipine is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Plendil |
| bepridil is what type of drug and the trade name | Calcium channel blockers, Vascor |
| calcium channel blockers: they interact with grapefruit. If you eat a grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice while taking a calcium channel blocker | your liver won’t be able to eliminate them from your body—causing the medication to continuously build up. |
| Antiarrhythmics | that either prevent or treat arrhythmia work by changing the nerve impulses in the heart, stimulating the involuntary muscles to speed up the heartbeat. |
| Antiarrhythmics can block those same muscles to | reduce the heart rate, or simply reduce the force of the heart muscle contraction. This also lowers blood pressure and can help with chest pain. |
| procainamide is what type of drug and the trade name | Antiarrhythmics, Procan SR and Pronestyl |
| sotalol is what type of drug and the trade name | Antiarrhythmics, Betapace |
| digoxin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antiarrhythmics, Lanoxin |
| amiodarone is what type of drug and the trade name | Antiarrhythmics, Cordarone |
| Lopressor (metoprolol) is also used to treat arrhythmia but falls into the | beta blockers class of drugs. |
| Hyperlipidemia | is the elevation of lipids in the blood. Primarily this refers to cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), although it can also mean elevated triglycerides |
| Common types of cholesterol-lowering drugs include: | statins, resins, nicotinic acid (niacin), and gemfibrozil clofibrate. |
| The most common antihyperlipidemics are the | -statin drugs |
| atorvastatin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antihyperlipidemics, Lipitor |
| lovastatin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antihyperlipidemics, Mevacor |
| pravastatin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antihyperlipidemics, Pravachol |
| rosuvastatin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antihyperlipidemics, Crestor |
| simvastatin is what type of drug and the trade name | Antihyperlipidemics, Zocor |
| Bile Acid Sequestrants is | Another type of antihyperlipidemics, that target the bile acids that contain cholesterol when they enter the gut and prevent them from being reabsorbed back into the gut. |
| cholestyramine Bile Acid Sequestrants | sold under the brand name Questran |
| colestipol Bile Acid Sequestrants | sold as Colestid. |
| antihyperlipidemics work on lowering triglycerides | niacin Fibrates |
| niacin | a vitamin also known as vitamin B3. |
| Fibrates include | gemfibrozil fenofibrate |
| gemfibrozil | Lopid |
| fenofibrate | TriCor |
| vasodilators | sometimes used interchangeably with antihypertensives and sometimes classified separately. work directly on the smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls, causing them to widen (or dilate). |
| Hydralazine | It opens up the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump and lowering blood pressure. It is sold under the brand name Apresoline. |
| The generic drugs phentolamine and prazosin both | lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels. |
| minoxidil | A common vasodilator initially developed to treat high blood pressure interesting side effect: hair growth. effective at reversing baldness |
| minoxidil reformulated | it from a pill form to a topical form and have sold millions of them in the United States under the brand name Rogaine. |
| Isosorbide | is considered a nitrate and works by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood vessels to dilate. |
| isosorbide is prescribed primarily to treat | angina or chest pain |
| common Isosorbide are | Imdur and Isordil |
| Perhaps the most commonly used vasodilator is | nitroglycerin more frequently used to treat chest pain. |
| nitroglycerin. This is sold under different brand names, but especially | NitroQuick and Nitro-Bid |
| There are a variety of medications used to treat digestive problems | Some digestive medications cure digestive problems and others relieve symptoms |
| Antacids | Rolaids; neutralize hydrochloric symptoms |
| Anti-acidity | Prilosec OTC, Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids, and Tums; acid-reducing drugs known as H2 blockers, such as cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid), and ranitidine (Zantac) will very likely provide relief. |
| Anti-diarrheals | relieves diarrhea; Lomotil |
| Anti-nauseants | Reglan relieves nausea |
| Anti-TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) drugs | Humira; treats autoimmune diseases such as Crohn Disease |
| Anti-ulcer and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)– | stopping production of acid; Tagamet, Nexium, Pepcid, Prevacid, Prilosec |
| Cathartics | Peri-Colace; relieve constipation |
| Antacids | relieve indigestion and heartburn and sometimes heal ulcers. They work by neutralizing the acid in the stomach. A variety of medications are available that utilize three main elements. |
| three type of antacids | Magnesium hydroxide Calcium carbonate Aluminum hydroxide |
| Magnesium hydroxide | Its use can cause diarrhea, so it is also effective at relieving constipation. In this capacity it is referred to as a laxative. |
| Magnesium hydroxide most common one is known as | milk of magnesia. You will often see it capitalized because many brand names use it in their name: Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia. |
| Calcium carbonate | is a potent and fast-acting antacid. can cause constipation. also helps to strengthen bones (unless taken to excess). Brand names for calcium carbonate include Tums and Rolaids. |
| Aluminum hydroxide | is an effective antacid. can cause constipation. It is common to mix it with magnesium hydroxide (which causes diarrhea) to counteract symptoms of constipation. |
| brand names of Aluminum hydroxide | Brand names include Amphojel and ALternaGEL. |
| combination of magnesium hydroxide and Aluminum hydroxide is sold under the brand names | Maalox and Mylanta. |
| Anti-Acidity broken into two types | H2 blockers Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): |
| H2 blockers | Proteins called histamines encourage acid secretion in the stomach. H2 blockers reduce stomach acid by blocking histamines. |
| famotidine generic anti-acidity H2 blockers trade name is | Pepcid AC |
| ranitidine generic anti-acidity H2 blockers trade name is | Zantac |
| nizatidine generic anti-acidity H2 blockers trade name is | Axid |
| cimetidine generic anti-acidity H2 blockers trade name is | Tagamet |
| Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): | These limit stomach acid by shutting down the acid pumps, specifically by blocking an enzyme in the cells themselves. Prescribed and used in treatment of several different kinds of gastric problems, they are especially effective against ulcers. |
| lansoprazole generic Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): trade name is | Prevacid |
| omeprazole generic Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): trade name is | Prilosec |
| esomeprazole generic Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): trade name is | Nexium |
| rabeprazole generic Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): trade name is | Aciphex |
| pantoprazole generic Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): trade name is | Protonix |
| There is another drug effective against ulcers that is neither an H2 blocker nor a proton pump inhibitor. Called | sucralfate (Carafate), it works by creating a chemical barrier around an ulcer, protecting it, much the way that a Band-Aid protects a wound. |
| Antiemetics are medications that | reduce the urge to vomit, also referred to as antinausea medications. All of these drugs work on the vomiting center in the brain. |
| The gold standard for treatment of nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy treatment are the | –setron drugs. |
| ondansetron generic antiemetics trade name is | Zofran |
| palonosetron generic antiemetics trade name is | Aloxi |
| alosetron generic antiemetics trade name is | Lotronex |
| dolasetron generic antiemetics trade name is | Anzemet |
| granisetron generic antiemetics trade name is | Kytril, Sancuso |
| Other drugs that work on the brain to relieve nausea and vomiting are the generic drugs | metoclopramide (sold commonly under the brand name Reglan) and domperidone. |
| A few antihistamines are particularly good at controlling symptoms of nausea and vomiting. | The over-the counter brand name drug Dramamine |
| other antiemetics are | generic drug promethazine sold under the brand name Phenerganbrand name medications Compazine and Tigan. |
| Pepto-Bismol is considered | antiemetic. providing a soothing, protective coat to the lining of the stomach. |
| there are a variety of drug types and conditions that fall under the endocrine drug umbrella | Diabetic Medications Insulin Thyroid Hormones Sex Hormones Infertility and Hormones |
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