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pharmacology
final exam review
Question | Answer |
---|---|
capable of killing bacteria | bactericidal |
capable of inhibiting growth or reproduction of bacteria | bacteriostatic |
organic fat-soluble compound produced naturally in the body and manufactured synthetically | steroid |
agent active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species | broad spectrum antibiotic |
combining of separate elements into a complete whole | synthesis |
chemical product of the endocrine glands; has a specific effect on organs when secreted into body fluids. | hormone |
capable of acting against infection; inhibit spread of infectious agent or killing the agent | anti-infective (antimicrobial) |
antibacterials, antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anti protozoans | anti-infective |
not a true antibiotic; not synthesized by microorganisms; treat UTI and otitis media (ear infection); avoid sun; report nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and rashes | Sulfonamide |
first true antibiotic grown and used in humans | Penicillin |
loss of appetite | anorexia |
act by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls; effective against bacteria that multiply rapidly | penicillin |
chemically related to penicillin and have similar mechanism of activity | cephalosporins |
inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria | cephalosporin |
3 generations that act on certain gram positive and gram negative organisms | cephalosporins |
used for urinary, respiratory and ab infections,bacteremia, meningitis osteomyelitis | cephalosporins |
infections of the membranes in the brain | meningitis |
infection of the bone resulted from trauma | osteomyelitis |
effective against gran-negative and gram positive bacteria; inhibit protein synthesis by bacterial cells | tetracycline |
used for patients allergic to penicillin, venereal diseases, UTIs, acne, rickettsial, mycoplasmic infections, upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and meningitis | tetracycline |
parasite infection | rickettsial |
sexual transmitted diseases | venereal diseases |
Rocephin (Ceptriaxone) | cephalosporins |
doxycycline | tetracycline |
may cause tooth enamel hypoplasia and permanent yellow, gray, or brown staining to teeth if administered during tooth development years | tetracycline |
underdevelopment of a tissue | hypoplasia |
inhibit protein synthesis in suspectible bacteria | macrolides |
used to treat respiratory, GI tract, skin, soft tissue infections, sexually transmitted diseases | macrolides |
used when penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline cannot be used | macrolides |
Erythromycin | macrolide |
bactericidal that causes phototoxicity which need increased fluid intake | fluoroquinolones |
levaquin (levofloxacin) | fluoroquinolone |
kill bacteria by inhibit protein synthesis; used against gram negative microorganisms that cause UTI, meningitis, wound infections, and life threatening septicemias | aminoglycosides |
kanamycin (kantrex) | aminoglycoside |
infection when the pathogens circulate in the blood | septicemia |
inhibit TB bacterial growth by altering cellular RNA synthesis and phosphate metabolism | antitubercular |
Ethambutol (Myambutol | antitubercular |
INH (isoniazid, nydrazid) | antitubercular |
disrupts the TB cell wall and inhibits replication; used alone, may cause hepatotoxicity | INH (antitubercular) |
inhibit viral cell replication | antiviral |
specific to certain viruses | antiviral |
treat herpes genitalis | acyclovir |
acyclovir | antiviral |
disrupt certain fungi cell functions, disrupt metabolic pathways interfering with cell wall and protein synthesis, stop cell division and new cell growth | antifungal agents |
fluconozole (Diflucan) | antifungal |
nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin) | urinary anti- infective |
interfere with bacterial enzyme system | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
not effective against microorganisms in the blood or tissues outside of the urinary tract | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
can cause urine discoloration | nitrofurantoin |
treat allergy symptoms, also motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions | antihistamines |
Loratadine (claritin) | antihistamine |
reduce swelling in the nasal passages caused by common cold or allergic rhinitis | decongestants |
oxymetazoline (Afrin) | decongestant |
inflammation of the mucosa membranes of the nose | rhinitis |
stimulate receptors within the tracheobrachial tree to relax and dilate the airway passages | bronchodilator |
allow greater volume of air to be exchanged and improve oxygenation | bronchodilator |
Albuterol (proventil, Vomax) | bronchodilator |
used for obstructive airway disease; aerosol, oral forms, and parenteral | corticosteroids |
used in patients with severe asthma and COPD | corticosteroids |
direct effect on relaxation of smooth muscle, enhance effect of beta adrenergic bronchodilators and inhibit inflammatory response | corticosteroid |
used to suppress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain | antitussives |
used to treat dry hacking nonproductive cough only reduces effects of the cough | antitussives |
Codeine, Diphenhydramine (Diphen, Tusstat) | antitussives |
reduces thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them | mucolytics |
acetylcysteine (mucomyst) | mucolytic |
liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands | expectorant |
guafenesin (robitussin) | expectorant |
enhance the output of respiratory tract fluid; relieve of dry, nonoproductive cough and mucus build up in the respiratory tract | guafenesin (expectorant) |
interfere with bacterial enzyme system | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
not effective against microorganisms in the blood or tissues outside of the urinary tract | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
can cause urine discoloration | nitrofurantoin |
treat allergy symptoms, also motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions | antihistamines |
Loratadine (claritin) | antihistamine |
reduce swelling in the nasal passages caused by common cold or allergic rhinitis | decongestants |
oxymetazoline (Afrin) | decongestant |
inflammation of the mucosa membranes of the nose | rhinitis |
stimulate receptors within the tracheobrachial tree to relax and dilate the airway passages | bronchodilator |
allow greater volume of air to be exchanged and improve oxygenation | bronchodilator |
Albuterol (proventil, Vomax) | bronchodilator |
used for obstructive airway disease; aerosol, oral forms, and parenteral | corticosteroids |
used in patients with severe asthma and COPD | corticosteriods |
direct effect on relaxation of smooth muscle, enhance effect of beta adrenergic bronchodilators and inhibit inflammatory response | corticosteroid |
used to suppress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain | antitussives |
used to treat dry hacking nonproductive cough only reduces effects of the cough | antitussive |
Codeine, Diphenhydramine (Diphen, Tusstat) | antitussive |
reduces thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them | mucolytics |
acetylcysteine (mucomyst) | mucolytic |
liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands | expectorant |
guafenesin (robitussin) | expectorants |
enhance the output of respiratory tract fluid; relieve of dry, nonoproductive cough and mucus build up in the respiratory tract | guafenesin (expectorant) |
pertains to hormones and glands that make and secrete hormones in the bloodstream which affect distant organs | endocrine system |
used for type 2 diabetes | insulin |
hormone required for glucose transport to the cells; produced in the beta cells in the pancreas | insulin |
key regulator of metabolism | insulin |
required for entry of glucose into skeletal and heart muscle and fat; helps with protein and fat metabolism | insulin |
not required for glucose transport into the brain, kidney, GI or liver tissue | insulin |
used by most patients; less allergic reactions than beef or pork | biosynthetic human insulin |
Humalog | rapid-acting insulin |
Humulin R | short-acting insulin |
Humulin N | intermediate- acting insulin |
Lantus | long-acting insulin |
treat type 2 diabetes mellitus | oral antidiabetic agent |
decrease hepatic glucose production | biguanides (oral antidiabetic agent) |
metformin | biguanidea (oral antidiabetic agent0 |
lower blood glucose by stimulating release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas and diminish glucose production and metabolism of insulin by liver | sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetic agent) |
glipizide | sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetic agent) |
biguanide and sulfonylureas | oral antidiabetic agents |
treat hypoglycemic reactions in patients with diabetes mellitus | antihypoglycemic agent |
hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that breaks down glycogen to glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels; aids in converting amino acids to glucose | glucagon |
depends on presence of glycogen for action | antihypoglycemic agent |
used when thyroid hormones are not being produced or are not produced on sufficient quantities to meet the body's needs | thyroid replacement hormones |
levothyroxine | thyroid replacement hormone |
thyroid hormone antagonists | antithyroid medicines |
block the action of excessive formation of thyroid hormones | antithyroid medicine |
iodine 131 | antithyroid agent |
destroy hyperactive thyroid tissue | iodine 131 |
block synthesis of T3 and T4 | propylthiouracil (PTU)and methimazole (antithyroid medicines) |
adrenocorticosteroids | glucocorticoids |
regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism | glucocorticoid |
used for anti inflammatory and anti allergenic properties | glucocorticoid |
They DONT cure disease, but relieve symptoms of RA, lupus, immunosuppression, shock, etc. | glucocorticoids |
may cause masking of infection, elevated serum glucose, fever, malaise, electrolyte imbalance, behavioral changes, slow healing wounds and infection | glucocorticoid |
betamethasone | glucorticoid |
steroids that cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water | mineralocorticoids |
given with glucocorticoids to patients with adrenolcortical insufficiency | mineralocorticoids |
fludrocortisones (Florinef) | mineralocorticoid |
various agents affecting growth or function of the reproductive organs, the development sex characteristics, and behavioral patterns | reproductive health agent |
reproductive organs | gonads |
steroids that cause feminizing effects (breast development, voice quality, and broader pelvis) | estrogen |
naturally released from ovaries and decreased in menopause | estrogen |
relieve hot flashs symptoms in menopause, contraceptive, hormone replacement after oophorectomy, osteoporosis, slow down prostatoc cancer, and some types of breast cancer, severe acne | estrogen |
ovary removal | estrogen |
normal side effects: weight gain, edema, breast tenderness, nausea | estrogen |
clot formation in the vessels | thrombophlebitis |
Estradiol (Estrace, Estrogel) | estrogen |
steroids regulating endometrial and myometrial function | progestins |
used for oral contraceptive, secondary amenorrhea, uterine bleeding, endometriosis | estrogen |
uterus tissue cancer | endometriosis |
absence of menstruation | amenorrhea |
steroid hormone that produce masculizing effects | androgens |
testosterone | androgen |
dominant male sex hormone | testosterone |
responsible for normal growth and development of male sex organs and sex characteristics | androgen |
used to treat hypogonadism, eunichism, androgen deficiency, breast cancer in postmenopausal women | androgen |
deficiency in secretion of the ovary or testes | androgen |
undeveloped male sex organs | hypogonadism |
used to treat cancer causing agents | immunologic medication |
from research that indicates that cell membrane receptors control cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, and cell death that are integral to the growth and spread of cancer | targeted anti-cancer agents |
new blood vessel growth | angiogenisis |
used to kill cancer cells | chemotherapy |
side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, unable to fight infection, anemia, sensitivity to hot and cold, GI upset | chemotherapy |
low white blood count | neutropenia |
bond with DNA; eradication of malignant cells | Alkylating agents |
cisplatin | alkylating agents |
cell specific in inhibiting cell division | natural products |
Vinca Alkaloids (vincristine)- periwinkle plant | natural products |
methotrexate (MTX) | antimetabolites |
inhibit key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of DNA and RNA synthesis | antimetabolites |
bleomycin | antineoplastic antibiotics |
bind to DNA, prevent cell replication | antineoplastic antibiotic |
ethinyl estradiol | hormones |
used in malignancies of sexual organs | hormone |
digestive tract including mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines | gastrointestinal |
reduce acidity of gastric contents by buffering the hydrochloric acid to a lower hydrogen ion concentration | antacids |
1 or 2 | level of PH of gastric contents |
neutralize gastric acid | antacids |
Mylanta, Maalox, Di-Gel | antacids |
decrease volume of hydrochloric acid secretion and increase pH of gastric secretions during day and night | histamine-receptor antagonists |
cimetadine (tagamet), famotadine (Pepcid), Ranitidine (Zantac) | histamine-receptor antagonists |
used to treat GERD, duodenal ulcers, and prevent stress ulcers | histamine- receptor antagonists |
inhibit gastric secretion by inhibiting the gastric acid pump of the stomach's parietal cells | proton pump inhibitors |
used to treat severe esophagitis, GERD, gastric and duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory disorders | proton pump inhibitors |
common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | Pylori |
omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix) | proton pump inhibitors |
inflammation of the esophagus | esophagitis |
between stomach and duodenum | pylori |
used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), biliary spasm, mild ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, infant colic, PUD, | antispasmodic agent |
increased motility of the intestines | IBS |
gallbladder spasms | biliary spasm |
inflammation of large intestine and rectum | ulcerative colitis |
inflammation of a herniation in the stomach, small intestine, colon | diverticulitis |
inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis |
applied to eyelids or placed in the space between the eyelids and the eyeball | otic/ opthalmic preparations |
reduce intraocular pressure in the eyes in patients with glaucomas, and preop pr postop surgery | osmotic agents |
glycerin (Osmoglyn), mannitrol (osmitrol) | osmotic agent |
inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins | anti-inflammatory ophthalmic agents |
responsible for an increase in intraocular inflammation and pressure | prostanglandins |
flurbprofen sodium, keterolac tromethamine | anti- inflammatory ophthalmic agents |
idoxuridine , trifluridine (Viroptic) | ophthalmic antiviral agent |
used to treat herpes simplex keratitis | ophthalmic antiviral agent |
treat superficial eye infections or prophylaxis against gonorrhea infection in the eyes of newborns | ophthalmic antibacterial agent |
bacitracin, gentamicin | ophthalmic antibacterial agent |
prevention against disease | prophylaxis |
ocular herpes | herpes simplex keratitis |
Natamycin (Natacyn) | ophthalmic antifungal agents |