Question | Answer |
comparative physiology | the various solutions different animals have devised to the problems they face |
Which animals show up first in evolution? | the simplest ones (the majority of the time |
eons | longest division of geological time |
2 examples of eons | Precambrian & Phanerozoic |
Which eon consisted of 3 eras? | Phanerozoic eon |
Each era consists of how many periods? | 2 or more |
Very little fossil records in which eon? | Precambrian eon |
When were the earliest known fossil records from? | Start from the Phanerozoic Eon |
Years since era began X 10-6:
4,600 | Precambrian Eon |
Years since era began X 10-6:
540 | Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic era |
Years since era began X 10-6:
230 (1/4 a billion yrs ago) | Mesozoic era |
Years since era began X 10-6:
65 | Cenozoic era |
3 eras of Phanerozoic Eon | Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
Paleozoic Era | evolution of insects and reptiles (a lot of phylo developed) |
Mesozoic Era | appearance of mammals, ruled by dinosaurs
RAWR |
Cenozoic | evolution of mammals, dinosaurs gone, appearance of HUMANS (largely nocturnal) |
Cambrian period importance | first fossils were formed (1/2 billion years ago) |
Most of the establishment of present phyla and early vertebrates took place in the ____ period of the _______ era. | first; Paleozoic |
In the ____ period, _____ happened so suddenly during this brief time that the preceding eons are referred to as "____". | Cambrian; evolution; Precambrian |
___ levels in the atmosphere reached ___%, developing a ____ layer good enough for phylo to survive in this period? | O2; 1; ozone |
A number of living things appeared and disappeared during this period that is often referred to as "experimentation" | Cambrian period |
Usually, when a living thing survived thru this period, they are more likely to be something that survives in the present day. | Cambrian period |
In the Cambrian period, ____ genes showed up and ____ of beings happened. | developmental; variation |
The earliest primates appeared less than ____ yra. | 10^8 |
First humans appeared about ____ yra. | 10^6 |
Earliest recorded human history | 10^4 |
The most famous and best studied mass extinction is the one that occurred at the ___ boundary ___ million years ago. Marks the extinction of a large number of ___, mostly marine. Best known for the ____ extinction. | K-T;
65;
invertebrates;
dinosaurs |
Permian extinction caused by? | volcanic activity |
2 dominant species during the Mesozoic period? | Terrestrial: dinosaurs
Aquatic: marine reptiles |
95% of the species died off during the ___ period. | Paleozoic;
rapid return of species (insects) |
Dinosaurs died out during the ____ Extinction | Cretaceous |
Louis Alvarez | Discovered an unusually large concentration of iridium in the sediment layer on the surface of the earth 65 million yra. Believed to have been produced by an asteroid |
Potential site of the asteroid impact? | Yucatan Peninsula |
Species | most basic unit of classification; alike enough to interbreed |
Categories for grouping animals | species, genus, family, order, class, phylum |
2 organisms in the same phylum are considered to have ___ basic body plans | Same |
Protozoa | came first;
simplest;
single cell |
Cnidaria | radial symmetry;
ex. jellyfish, corals
very simply organized
no large metabolic needs;
waste goes out the same way food came in |
bilateral symmetry | we have this |
Platyhelminthes | no put thru system;
flat worms |
Nemerteans | ribbon worms;
probossis worms |
Nematodes | round worms;
complete enough to be a real animal |
Molluscs to anthropods are....? | the most developed |
Acoeleomates | least developed organ system;
guts and internal organs in well defined cavities but not developed, just fumbles around |
Pseudocoelom | has body cavity but not really developed |
Protosomes | mouth developed at the blastocoel;
early embryonic stages are determinate (pre-programmed, so split will have identical but it is still one;
clevage is spiral (less than 90 degree angle) |
Deuterosomes | mouth developes at the opposite end of the blastocoel;
ealy embryonic stages are indeterminate;
cleavage is radial (cells at right angles during division) |
Life arose in an ocean-like environment because....? | 1) salt & water balance is easy
2) water is bouyant, helps movement
3) no temperature extremes
4) radiation protection
5) light is fine for photosynthesis up to 650ft |
Fresh water vs. salt water | Fresh water is more difficult environment because of salt & water balance |
Fresh water v.s. terrestrial environment | Land is more difficult because of:
support and movement
water evaporation |
homeostasis | constant internal conditions
a lot of metabolic energy used to maintain it
have rhythmic variations that improve the idea of it |
water balance problems | osmosis, salt concentrations, waste products |
interstitial fluids | fluids bathing the individual cells |
The values of many features are ____, but ____ rhythmically | not constant;
change |
water balance | regulation of the solute concentrations of the various fluids of the body |
osmosis | total concentration of the solutes |
ion balances | concentration of each of the various salts |
Osmosis and ion balance are ____ related and often regulated by ____ organs. | closely;
same |
Excretion | removal of soluble wastes (urine) |
2 major classes of proteins used for movement | 1) cilia and flagella use microtubles
2)muscles use microfillaments |
Read over topic 1 page 8-9 | |