word | definition |
mental set | a way of thinking about a problem |
functional fixedness | thinking of an object only in the way it is supposed to be used or thought of |
aha experience | solutions become apparent all of a sudden with no shaping |
algorithm | procedure guarenteed to find a solution IF one exists |
heuristic | procedure likely to find a solution if it exists |
means ends analysis | look at the difference between where you are and where you wanna be and make a move to reduce that difference |
sub-goals | break the problem down into steps and acoomplish each step one at a time to eventually solve the whole problem |
analogies | find a relation between the current problem and a problem you already know how to solve |
graphemic task | does the word have a certain letter in it? very shallow processing |
phonemic task | does the word rhyme with another? medium level processing |
semantic task | does the word have a certain function? deep processing |
modal model of memory | short term and long term memory |
long term memory | where all of our memories are stored |
short term memory | where cognitive work takes place, where there's info that you're aware of |
maintenence rehearsal | keep repeating info so you don't forget it |
episodic memory | memory for individual episodes of your experience |
semantic memory | memory of general world info |
retrieval cue | set of info used to probe memory |
encoding specificity principle | if the match between the retrieval cue and the memory you are trying to retrieve is close, you are more likely to remember it |
construction | when you integrate your experience with the information you are learning |
reconstruction | when you retrieve info as a memory, you take the bits of info and conbine them with your experiene |
decay | when information fades away |
interference | where your memory is written over by something else |
retrieval failure | when you use the wrong retrieval cue |
social psychology | studies how interacting with other people affects our own behavior |
attitude | locate objects of thought on dimensions of judgement |
cognitive aspect of attitude | the evaluation you make about something |
affective aspect of attitude | the emotions aroused by the object |
behavioral aspect of attitude | your predispostion to act in response to an object |
persuasion | any attempt to change people's attitudes |
latitude of acceptance | range in which people will accept an argument and possibly change their views on it |
central route of persuasion | careful consideration of the logic and content of a persuasive message |
peripheral route of persuasion | persuasion based on non-messaed factors |
dissonance | occurs when you hold two beliefs or desires that are inconsistent |
effort justification | occurs when something that you value turned out to be not so good so you will convince yourself that it was worth it to eliminate dissonance |
approach-approach conflict | occurs when you have to choose between two attractive alternatives |
consistency in behavior | is behavior the same in all circumstances? |
distinctiveness in behavior | is the behavior distinct to the target or to other things as well? |
consensus of behavior | do other people behave the same way? |
fundamental attribution error | bias in tendancy to make certain attributions |
conformity | the extent to which people will go along with what theyre told; the extent to which they'll yield to real or imagined social pressure |
obedience | the extent to which people will act upon what they're told |
group unanimity | if one person breaks the conformity, then the subject does not conform |
psychological tests | a standardized measure of behavior |
reliability | occurs if administering the same test over and over again produces similiar results |
validity | occurs in a test if the test measures what is is supposed to |
content validity of a test | does the test cover the specific domain it's supposed to cover? |
criterion validity of a test | how reliable is the test in predictin preformance in the domain for which is was designed? |
construct validity of a test | does the test measure a hypothetical construct? |
recall | the intentional bringing to mind of explicit information, the trasnfer of info from LTM to STM |
recognition | the matching on an encoded input to a stored respresentation, which allows you to know that it is familiar and that it occured in a particular context, such as on a list |