Question | Answer |
Boyle's Law | When gas is kept as a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional and have a constant product. |
What type of pressure is associated with Boyle's law? | Atmospheric pressure, intrapulmunoic pressure & intrathoracic pressure |
Respiratory tract icludes | trachea, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity and organs of respiration (lungs) |
External respiration | gas exchange between luns and blood |
Internal respiration | gas exchange between blood and cells. |
Organs of articulation & resonance | oral, nasal & pharangeal cavities |
Trachea | connects larynx with bronchi |
What is the trachea composed of? | 16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage rings
its shape can be altered by the tracheal muscle
inferior end connects to the bronchi |
Bronchi | tubes that extend from the trachea to the lungs |
parts of the bronchi | main stem bronchi, secondary bronchi & tertiary bronchi |
Right bronchus | bigger
3 secondary bronchi
10 tertiary bronchi |
Left bronchus | 2 secondary bronchi
8 tertiary bronch1 |
Division of tertiary bronchi | bronchioles->terminal bronchioles->alveolar ducts->air sacs |
alveolar ducts and air sacs | covered in tiny pits |
Alveoli | pits found in walls of terminal bronchioles
-covered with capillaries which exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide
-at this level become less cartilaganous and more muscular |
Pleurae | sac like structure that encases each lung |
Parietal pleura | lined each pleurae |
Visceral pleura | 2nd layer and is contionous with the parietal pleura |
How many lobes does the right lung have? | 3 lobes- superior, middle & inferior |
Negative pressure | the vaccum cause by the parietal and visceral pleura |
Respiration | breathing for air |
Primary function of breathing | oxygenation of blood |
Secondary function of breathing | air from lungs used as a power source for speech (speech breathing) |
2 subprocesses during breathing | inhalation or inspiration |
Inhalation | active process in which muscles are involved |
Exhalation | passive process, muscles relax |
3 passive processes in Exhalation | gravity, unbending of bones/cartilages and elasticity of lung tissue |
Exhalation (speech breathing) | active process because we have to control the passive process when speaking |
During the process of inhalation | enlarge the thoracic cavity |
Superior border of the thoracic cavity | shoulder or pectoral girdle |
Inferior border of the thoracic cavity | Diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
Shoulder (pectoral) girdle made up of | shoulder and scapula |
Anterior border of thoracic cavity | sternum |
Posterior border of the thoracic cavity | vertebral column |
Lateral border of thoracic cavity | ribs and costal cartilages |
Adult vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, a sacrum, 1 coccyx |
Adolescent vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx |
Vertebral foramen | an arch that encloses a space for the spinal cord |
Spinous process | prominent projection, directed dorsally and more inferiorly from the neural arch |
Transverse process | projects laterally from the vertebrae. |
Articular facets | located on thoracic vertebrae provide attachments for ribs |
Ribs 1-7 | true ribs directly attach to sternum by costal cartilages |
Ribs 8-10 | false ribs that attach directly to one long costal cartilage |
Ribs 11-12 | floating ribs, has no anterior attachments |
Ribs attach posteriorly | by cosco cental ligament and cosco transverse ligaments |
At respiratory rest | intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. At the same time intrathoracic pressure is less than both. |
thoracic muscles used in inhalation | diaphram, external intercostal, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus posterior superior, subclavius & levator costalis |
neck muscles used in inhalation | sternocleoidomastoid, scalenus anterior, scalenus medial, scalenus posterior |
back muscles used in inhalation | sacrospinalis & latissmus dorsi |
thoracic muscles used in exhalation | internal intercostal muscles, serratas posterior inferior, transverse thoracic muscles, subcostals |
back muscles used in exhalation | iliocostalis dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum |
abdominal muscles involved in exhalation | rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques |
Origin | fixed point of attachment |
Insertion | moveable point of attachment |
Course | direction of fibers |
Innervation | nerve supply |
Function | the physiological accomplishments |
Diaphragm | single muscle that separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
Origin of the diaphragm | posterior surface of the xiphoid process, inner surface of the upper lumbar vertebrate ans well as the inner surface of ribs 7-12 |
Insertion of the diaphragm | central tendon |
Innervation of the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
Function of the diaphragm | to enlarge the thoracic cavity in its vertical dimension during unforced inhalation |
External intercostal muscles | 11 pairs located in between ribs |
Origin of the external intercostal muscle | inferior surface of rib |
Insertion of external intercostal muscle | superior surface of the rib |
Course of the external intercostal muscle | downward and medially toward the sternum. Downward and laterally away from the vertebral column |
Innervation of the external intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves |
Function of the external intercostal muscles | raise the ribs and increase their size of the thoracic cavity during unforced inhalation |
Origin of internal intercostal muscles | inferior surface of the rib above |
Insertion of internal intercostal muscle | medical surface of the rib immediately below |
Course of internal intercostal muscles | downward and laterally away from the sternum. Downward and medially toward the vertebral column |
Innervation of the internal intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves |
Function of internal intercostal muscles | help lower the ribs during unforced exhalation |
Origin of levator costalis | 7th cervical & upper 11 thoracic vertebrate on the transverse process |
Insertion of the levator costalis | lateral surface of the rib immediately below, course downward and laterally |
Innervation of the levator costalis | intercostal nerves |
Function of the levator costalis | help raise the shoulder girdle and enlarge the thoracic cavity during forced inhalation |
Origin of sternocleoidomastoid | anterior and the superior surface of the manubrium, they insert into the clavicle and scapula by means of a tendon |
Insertion of sternocleoidomastoid | course upward and posteriorally. Also attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. |
Innervation of the sternocleoidomastoid | accessory nerve |
Functions of the sternocleoidomastoid | rotation of the head and raise the sternum during forced inhalation |
Scalene muscle made up of? | scalenus anterior, medial and posterior |
Origin of scalene muscle | c2 to c6 |
Insertion of scalene muscle | ribs 1 & 2 at the tubercle, they course downward |
Innervation of scalene muscles | cervival nerves 2&3 |
Function of scalene muscles | raise the ribs during force inhalation |
Bony pelvis made up of | pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx |
Innominate bone or hip bone comprises of? | Ilium, Ischium & pubis |
Rectus abdominis | largest muscle that provides for points of attachments for muscles of exhalation. Connected by a tendenous linea alba |
Origin of rectus abdominis | bony pubis |
Insertion of rectus abdominis | inserts to the outer surface of the xiphoid process, as well as ribs 5,6,7 inclubing their costal cartilages |
Innervation of rectus abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12 |
Function of rectus abdominis | flatten the abdomen and the abdominal visceral which forces the diaphragm upward during forced exhalation |
What are lung air volumes? | discreet volumes of air, only 1 can be measured by a wet spirometer |
Tidal air | air that we inhale and exhale during quiet breathing. Best lung air volume for speaking. Least amount of muscles are used. |
Origin of Transverse abdominis | superior surface of the ilium (illiac crest) as well as the inner surface of ribs 6-12 |
Insertion of transverse abdominis | aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis |
Course of transverse abdominis | upwards and horizontally |
Innervation of transverse abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12 |
Function of transverse abdominis | help to compress the abdomen during unforced exhalation |
Inspiratory Reserve Volume | air that can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume furing forced inhalation |
Expiratory reserve | air that is exhaled during a maximum exhalation |
Residual volume | air that remains in our lungs even after a max exhalation |
lung air capacities | combinations of lung air volumes |
Inspiratory reserve capacity | made up of inspiratory reserve volume & tidal volume |
Vital capacity | includes 3: inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume & expiratory reserve volume |
Functional residual capacity | includes expiratory reserve volume & residual volume |
Total lung capacity | includes all four lung air volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve & residual volume |