Question | Answer |
Are meso compounds chiral or achiral | Achiral |
Where does post-transcriptional mRNA processing occur | The nucleus |
What is the spermatogonium called after DNA replication | The primary spermatocyte |
How many chromatids and chromosomes does the primary spermatocyte have | THe primary spermatocyte contains 92 chromatids but only 46 chromosomes |
In a reaction at equilibrium, do the forward and reverse rate constants have to be equal | No |
What is a virion | The inert form of a virus that exists outside of the host cell |
What is a prophage | A virus incorporated into the host cell's DNA |
Yeast are 1)prok. or euk. 2)unicellular or multicellular and 3) facultative anaerobes or obligate anaerobes | Euk, unicellular, facultative anaerobes |
What is the difference between constitutional and structural isomers | They are the same |
Do diastereomers have different physical properties | Yes |
Which is the kinetically favored product | The product with the lower Ea |
In NMR, which exhibits a peak further downfield: an aldehyde or ketone | Aldehyde |
If you add LAH to a beta-hydroxy CA, what happens | It becomes a 1,3-diol since LAH doesn't reduce OH to carbon |
Which is more reactive, an amide or an ester, and why | An ester because the alkoxide ion is better leaving group that the NH2- |
Sweating is an autonomic response. Which division controls this | Both |
Are proteins synthesized on the rER, sEr, or both | rER |
How does ACh act on the heart | Ach binds to muscarinic receptors, allowing K+ efflux and hyperpolarizing the cells, decreasing HR |
What effect does progesterone have on the uterus | Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and prevents the loss of the uterine wall |
What type of oocyte does the primary follcle contain, and is it haploid or diploid | The primary oocyte, and it is diploid |
At birth until puberty, what phase are the primary oocytes arrested in | Prophase I |
Where do women produce some testosterone from | The adrenal cortex |
When does vapor pressure deviate negatively from Raoult's law | When enthaply change is negative (think that stronger bonds are formed) |
What is the hematocrit level | The % by volume of RBCs in blood |
How are speed of sound and density of medium related | Inversely proportional |
What does humoral (B-cell) immunity act against | Exogenous antigens |
Where are proteins for secretion produced | rER |
Each concentric layer of bone formed by osteoblasts in an osteon is called a | Lamella |
What does parathyroid hormone do | Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts |
What is the exception to the law of independent assortment | Genes on the same chromosome |
An increase in s character has what effect on electronegativity and orbital energy | Increases electronegativity and lowers the energy of the orbital |
The cell potential in a galvanic cell | equals the difference in cell potential between the cathode and the anode when written as reductions |
What is the equation that relates free energy change and the equilibrium constant (K) | ^G=-RTlnK |
What does Benedict's test do | It turns from blue to red in the presence of a reducing sugar (acetal or hemiacetal) |
In electrophoresis, what are the charges on the cathode and anode | The cathode is negative and the anode is positive |
In a simple AA, how can you calculate the isoelectric point from the two pKas | Average them |
In an acidic AA, how can you calculate the isoelectric point | Average the pKa of the COOH and of the R group |
How do RBS derive their energy | Through glycolysis |
What is derived from the ectoderm | The nervous system, eye lens, inner ear, epidermis, adrenal medulla |
What is derived from the mesoderm | Muscle, kidneys, heart, ducts of the reproductive tract |
What is derived from the endoderm | Epithelial and respiratory lining, lungs, stomach |
What is induction | A group of cells causes differentiation of another group of cells |
What does the spleen contain | B and T lymphocytes, venus sinuses, and RBCs (it removes beat up RBCs from the circulation with its small vessles) |
What does the foramen ovale connect | The right to the left atrium |
What does the ductus arterious connect | The pulmonary artery to the aorta |
What part of the circulatory system contains the most vascular smooth muscle | The arteries |
What does the ductus venosus connect | The umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver |
When does estrogen peak | Just prior to ovulation, which stimulates LH and FSH secretion. |
After ovulation and during pregnancy, what effect does increased estrogen and progesterone have on LH and FSH | They inhibit LH and FSH at this point |
What happens in the presence of SRY | The testes produce testosterone, which promotes development of the Wolffian duct into the male reproductive tract |
Besides SRY, what signals male over female development | MIS, which inhibits Mullerian duct growth into the female reproductive tract |
What does menstruation occur in response to | A sudden drop in progesterone and estrogen |
What is nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II to separate |
What equation relates free energy and the electric potential of a cell | ^g=-nFE, so increasing the number of moles of electrons or the voltage decreases delta G, increasing spontaneity |
Relate spermatogonia, spermatocytes 1' and 2', and spermatids | Spermatogonia (diploid) undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes(1', diploid), which undergo meiosis I to form 2' spermatocytes(haploid), which undergo meiosis II to form haploid spermatids, which mature into haploid sperm |
Relate oocyte 1' and 2', polar body, and ovum | A 1' oocyte (diploid) undergoes meiosis I to form two haploid cells: a 2' oocyte and a polar body. The 2' oocyte undergoes meiosis II to form 2 more haploid cells: an ovum and a second polar body |
What are the tyrosine-derivative catecholamines and what are they released by | NE and E, released by the chromaffin skins of the adrenal medulla |
What's the stronger acid: alcohol or phenol | Phenol, but it is still a weak acid |
What does the pancreas secrete as an endocrine gland | insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, which inhibits release of both insulin and glucagon |
What is a decomposition reaction | A single reactant is broken down into several components |
Is a neutron affected by electric field, magnetic field, both, or neither | Neither |
How does the K(m) change in competitive and noncompetitive inhibition | Increases; remains constant |
What is allopatric speciation | It is speciation due to geographical separation |
What does NABH4 reduce | Carbonyls to alcohols, but not CAs or esters |
What does the pancreas release as an exocrine gland | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and lipase |
What activates typsinogen, and what is secreted by | Enterokinase, and it is secreted by the small intestine |
What are epimers | Sugars that differ in configuration about a single stereocenters (anomers are a special type of epimer) |
How do you calculate the ^H(sublimation) | ^H(melting) + ^H(vaporization) |
What is a transition mutation | A for G, G for A, C for T, T for C (purine for purine, pyrimdine for pyrimidine) |
What is a transversion mutation | A purine is substituted for a pyrimidine, or vice versa |
What is a nonsense mutation | A short protein is produced because of a premature stop codon |
What is a missense mutation | An incorrect AA sequence leads to a protein with inhibited function |
How many chromosomes are there in meiosis I | 46, each with two copies of the DNA |
What IR band do alkynes produce | 2200 cm^-1 |
What IR band do amines produce | A sharp band between 3100 and 3500 cm^-1 |
What are fungal spores (when are they formed, haploid or diploid, activity) | They are formed in harsh conditions, haploid, and metabolically inactive |
What are G0, G1, S, and G2 phases | G0 is a nondividing phase, G1 is an intense growth phase with a checkpoint at the end, S phase is the point at which Dna replication occurs, and G2 is a growth phase in which the cell continues to grow until mitosis commences |
How many molecules are there in a mole | 6X10^23 |
What IR band to alkenes produce | 1600 cm^-1 |
Is air resistance dependent on the mass of an object | No |
What is the gravitational force anywhere inside a uniformly dense sphere/ring due to that sphere/ring | 0 |
What type of friction does a ball rolling down a hill experience | Static friction |
Electrons flow from _ to _ potential, and current flows from _ to _ potential | low, high; high, low |
In the follicular phase, what does GnRH do | It increases LH and FSH, which causes follicle maturation and increases estrogen, which further increases LH |
In the luteal phase, what do LH and FSH do | LH and FSH cause formation of the c.l. from the ruptured follicle |
What does the c.l. produce | Estrogen and progesterone, which promotes building of the endometrial lining. The estrogen and progesterone spike also decreases GnRH, which decreases LH and FSH, which cause c.l. destruction unless fertilized |
What happens to GnRH when the c.l. is destroyed | GnRH increases so the cycle can start again |
What is the average kinetic energy of a gas particle | 3/2KT |
Where does gas exchange occur between the maternal and fetal blood | At the chorionic villi from the placenta |
What is an imine | A carbon double bound to a nitrogen C=N |
What is an enamine | A carbon carbon double bond with an adjacent nitrogen C=C-N |
What is an imide | O=C-N-C=O |
The fraction of the volume of an object that is submerged is given by | The specific density |
When is ester hydrolysis reversible: Acidic, basic, both, or neither | Acidic conditions only |
Where are lymphocytes produces and B-cells trained to produce antibodies | Bone marrow |
Where do killer T cells mature | The thymus |
What is the rate expression | k[reactants]^x, doesn't include products |
In an electrolytic cell, the anode is _ and the cathode is _ | positive, negative |
When the c.l. atrophies, what decreases | estrogen and progesterone |
The lower the pKb, the _ the base | stronger, so the Kb will be larger. The same applies to pKa and Ka |
If heat is supplied to a constant volume gas, what work does the gas do | None, since the volume doesn't change. This includes not doing negative work from taking in the heat |
What is a disproportionation reaction | A redox reaction in which atoms of an element are both oxidized and reduced |
If a car turns while skidding, what type of friction provides the centripetal force | Static friction |
Is the angle of diffraction dependent on the wavelength of light | No |
What does the magnetic quantum number determine | The shape of the e- cloud/ orbital behavior |
What are the four main colligative properties | vapor pressure, melting point, boiling point, and osmotic pressure |
What enzyme do prokaryotes use to supercoil their DNA | DNA gyrase |
What has happened and what will happen during spermatogenesis | Spermatids have already undergone their meiosis, but are not yet fully matured |
Ova are frozen in what stage until after fertilization | Meiosis II |
When does recombination occur in both oogenesis and spermatogenesis | Prophase I |
Are triglycerides components of the plasma membrane | No |
What does AlBr3 do to Br2, and what reaction does this activate it for | AlBr3 increases the electrophilicy (makes it more positive) of Br2, polarizing it for electrophilic aromatic substitution |
What is the only way to change a reaction's equilibrium constant | Change the temperature. Changes in []s don't change the Keq |
What is fibrinogen and what is it produced by | A clotting factor precursor produced by the liver |
What induces ovulation | An LH surge |
What happens in mitotic prophase | Spindle fibers are formed, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and chromosomes condense (No recombination, that is only in meiotic prophase) |
Diluting a buffer with waterdoes what to pH | Nothing |
Nucleophilicy of the halogen ions in a polar protic solvent increases going _ the group | Down, since large ions are less tightly solvated |
When do all of the mitotic divisions of the oogonia that lead to primary oocyte formation occur | Between fertilization and birth |
A diploid nondividing cell will be in which phase | G0 or G1 |
Do bacteria contain an electron transport chain | Yes, on the plasma membrane that makes ATP via ATP synthase |
When does the ovum complete meiosis II, forming and releasing a second polar body | Following sperm fertilization. Then the zygote divides. Implantation occurs a few days later, and gastrulation occurs after that |
Resistance of a wire _ with increased temperature and with increased cross-sectional area | Increases, decreases |
Where is trypsin secreted | From the pancreas into the duodenum |
Microtubules originate and radiate from _ | The centrosome |
What can be said of HF's acidicity, bond energy, and bond length | Weak acid, high bond energy, short bond length |
Does RNA polymerase require a primer? Does it have exonuclease activity? What direction does it travel | It travels 3' to 5' on the DNA strand, doesn't require a primer, and lacks exonuclease activity |
Euks have _ DNA polymerases and _ RNA polymerases | 1, 3 |
Proks have _ DNA polymerases and _ RNA polymerases | 3, 1 |
Do proks have the 5' cap on their mRNA | No, they instead have the SHine-Dalgarno sequence. They also lack a poly A tail |
Reducing _ or _ at constant volume decreases the rate of effusion | P or T |
Which bacteria have no external membrane or capsule, but a very thick cell wall | Gram + |
What is transformation | The ability of bacteria to take up naked DNA from culture |
What is transduction | The transfer of bacterial genes between cells via a virus |
What is conjugation | Sexual reproduction via a plasmid F factor forming a sex pilus |
Ioniziation energy increases which ways on the table | With electronegativity, up and to the right |
How can you form an anhydride from a carboxylate anion | Acidify then heat |
What is the coleom, and where does it form in vertebrates | The body cavity, and it forms as pouches in the mesoderm |
Light microscropes can see up to | 200 nm, so they can see proks and euks but not viruses |
Does sound travel faster in air or water | Water |
What is the equation for the potential energy of a capacitor | 1/2CV^2 |
What is the standard notation for an electrochemical cell | Anode|Anode ion||Cathode ion|Cathode |
Does light travel faster in air or in glass? What about sound | Air; glass |
What does Ph3P=R do | In the Wittig reaction, it converts a C=O to a C=R |
What ' of ROH reacts most rapidly with HCl | 3' |
What organelle produces protein antibodies to be shipped out of the cell | rER |
When in the centromere split in mitosis? In meiosis? | In mitosis, during anaphase to pull the two sister chromatids apart. In meiosis, anaphase II to separate the sister chromatids after the homologous chromosomes were pulled apart in meiosis I |
Are shorter or longer wavelengths more affected by dispersion? | Shorter |
Are rapid processes adiabatic | Yes |
What is diffracted more, red or blue light | Red since longer wavelengths are more greatly diffracted |
What bends more at an interface, red or violet light | Violet light, since longer wavelengths travel faster through the interface so they have less time to be bent. |
What happens when an object is placed at the focal point of a lens? | The image distance is infinite |