Question | Answer |
Bones: Function (5) | Support, Protect, Movement, Storage of fat and calcium, Hematopoiesis. |
Bone Markings Tip: Terms Beginning With T | Projections. |
Bone Markings Tip: Terms Beginning With F (except facet) | Depressions. |
Bones: Classification | 206 bones. Classified by tissue type and shape. |
Compact Osseous Tissue | Dense and looks smooth. |
Spongy Osseous Tissue | Composed of needlelike pieces and has lots of open space. |
Long Bones | Limbs, Longer than wider, compact bone. |
Short Bones | Sesamoid, wrist, ankle, patella. Cube-shaped and spongy. |
Irregular Bones | Vertebrae, hips. Whatever doesn't fit into the other categories. |
Long Bone: Composed of | Epiphysis. |
Epiphysis | The ends of the bone. |
Epiphysis: Composed of | Spongy bone. |
Articular Cartilage | Covers the epiphysis. Provides slippery surface and friction free movement. |
Articular Cartilage: Composed of | Hyaline Cartilage. |
Epiphyseal Line | Remnant of the epiphyseal plate from childhood where lengthwise growth of bones happened. |
Diaphysis | Middle of the bone composed of compact bone. |
Periosteum | Covers the diaphysis. |
Sharpey's Fibres | Secure the periosteum to the bone. |
Nutrient Arteries | Provide blood to the tissue. |
Medullary Cavity | Storage of fat tissue in adults: "yellow marrow". In infants, red blood cells: "red marrow". |
Osteocytes: Location | Cavities called lacunae. |
Lacunae: Arranged in | Concentric circles called lamella. |
Centre of Lamella | Haversian canal. |
Canaliculi | Tiny canals that connect bone cells to the nutrient supply and allow bones to heal quickly. |
Calcium Salts | Give bones hardness and compression resistance. |
Collagen Fibres | Provide flexibility and strength. |
Ossification | Process of bone growth. |
Osteoblasts | Convert hyaline cartilage to bone tissue in fetus. |
Change After Growth #1 | Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton. |
Bedridden People | Less bone mass. |
Body Builders | Bones are thick where muscles attach. |
Change After Growth #2 | Calcium levels in blood. |
Osteoclasts | When calcium is needed osteoclast break down the bone to release calcium in the blood. When calcium is high, it is deposited back on to the bones. |
Open or Compound Break | Break that penetrates the skin. |
Closed or Simple Break | Clean break. |
Comminuted Break | Bone breaks into fragments. |
Compression Break | Bone is crushed. |
Depression Break | Bone is pressed inward (skull). |
Spiral Break | Ragged break, occurs from twisting. |
Impacted Break | Broken bone ends are forced into each other. |
Greenstick Break | Incomplete break. |
Hairline Break | Very small crack in the bone "stress fracture". |
Rickets | Disease of children where bones fail to calcify. Bones show a "bowing". Lack of calcium or vitamin D. |
Reduction | Realignment of broken bone ends. Manually moving bones, or through surgery. |
Bone Healing Time | 6-8 Weeks. Takes longer for older people because of low blood circulation. |
Bone Repair Step 1 | Hematoma Forms: Blood fills breakage area and swelling occurs. |
Bone Repair Step 2 | Fibrocartilage forms between the break and new blood vessels fill the gap. |
Bone Repair Step 3 | A bony callus starts to form by osteoblasts and replaces the fibrocartilage. |
Bone Repair Step 4 | Over the next few months, the bony callus remodels itself to form a more sturdy patch on the fracture site. |
Tuberosity | Large, rounded projection; may be roughened. |
Condyle | Rounded articular projection. |
Articulate (Articulation) | Joint where two bones meet. |
Sinus | Cavity withing bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane. |
Epicondyle | Raised area on or above a condyle. |
Process | Any bone prominence. |
Crest | Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent. |
Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on femur). |
Foramen | Round or oval opening through a bone. |
Facet | Smooth, nearly flat articular surface. |
Fossa | Shallow, basin-like depression in bone, often serving as an articular surface. |
Meatus | Canal-like passageway. |
Parts of Skeleton (2) | Axial, Appendicular. |
Axial | Skull, Thoracic Cage, Vertebral Column. |
Appendicular | Limbs, Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle. |