Question | Answer |
Three Main Classifications of Injury: | acute, chronic, catastrophic |
acute injury- | rapid onset, resulting from traumatic event |
chronic injury- | slow, insidious onset, implying gradual development of structural damage |
catastrophic injury- | involving damage to brain and/or spinal cord that presents a potentially life threatening situation or possibility of permanent disability |
R I C E | Rest Ice Compression Elevation |
sprains- | injuries to ligaments |
strains- | njuries to muscles, tendons, or junction between the two |
contusions- | bruising |
fractures- | a break or crack in bone |
What are the types of compression? | circumferential, collateral, and focal |
Circumferential compression- | even compression everywhere |
Collateral compression- | compression on only two sides |
Focal compression- | direct pressure |
Temperature for cold modalities | 32-65 degrees F |
Temperature for heat modalities | 104-113 degrees F |
What are the four ways heat transfers? | conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation |
conduction- | direct contact |
convection- | circulation between surface and moving medium |
radiation- | (heat lamps) penetration by beams (electromagnetic waves) |
evaporation | heat escaping liquid-gas transfer |
Effects of Cold Application- | vasoconstriction, decreased cell metabolism, decreased production of cell waste, reduction in inflammation, decreased pain, decreased muscle spasm |
types of superficial heat- | infared lamps, moist heat packs, paraffin bath, warm whirlpool |
deep heat- | diathermy |
when to use cold? | acute stage of inflammation, before ROM, after physical activity |
when to use heat? | control of inflammation in sub acute or chronic stages, encourage tissue healing, reduce edema |
therapeutic ultrasound | electricity passes through a crystal producing acoustical sound waves |
transmission of ultrasound- | needs medium for travel (gel or water) |
frequencies of ultrasound are.. | 1 MHz- 5 cm deep and 3 MHz -2 cm deep |
Coupling techniques- | direct, water immersion, and bladder method |
uses for E-stim: | pain management, muscle re-education, and reduces swelling |
types of E-stim currents: | direct (galvinic), alternating (premod, inferential) |
direct galvinic e-stim current= | muscle education and muscle pumping |
alternating premod inferential current= | pain management |
frequencies for e-stim | 1-10 MHz = opiate release, 30-60 MHz = muscle strengthening, 80 -150 pain management |
HOPS | History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests |
ACL tear MOI (mechanism of injury) | internal rotation, valgus load, usually hear single pop |
ACL special tests- | Lachmann and anterior drawer |
treatment of ACL- | acute= RICE, knee immobilizer, crutches followed by referral to Doc for surgery |
PCL tear MOI | fall on bent knee |
PCL special tests | posterior sag, posterior drawer |
treatment of PCL- | same as ACL |
knee dislocation- | 3-4 ligaments involved (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL) activate EMS |
patella dislocation/subluxation- | 2 pops, extend knee to relocate |
special tests for sublux- | apprehension in sliding patella to side |
how to treat sublux- | relocate, MRI, build quad strength, stability of joint, |
osgood schlatter | calcium deposits especially during growth spurts cause is overuse treatment is control inflammation and rest |
Meniscus MOI | twisting motion, contusion, violent trauma, overuse |
special tests for Meniscus | McMurray's and Appley's |
treatment for meniscus- | RICE, refer surgery, if removed (4-6 wk) if repaired (6-8wk) |
knee tendon injuries are | patella tendonitis (jumper's knee) and IT band tendonitis (runners knee) |
treatment for knee tendon injuries | heat pre activity, ice post activity, brace |
3 choices for ACL repair- | 1) BPB- bone patella bone central 1/3 tendon is cut out sewn together and used as graft 2) hamstring- smaller incision, for smaller patients (not above 210lbs) 3) allograph (use cadaver) |
what is the pop from that you hear with ACL injury? | usually from femoral condyle bumping tibial plateau |
Appley's compression/distension test | + compression with - distension = + test for meniscus |
quick test for patella fracture | straight leg raise |
what are the steps for ankle taping? | pre-wrap, anchors (2 on top, 1 on base), alternate 3 stirrups and 3 horse shoes, heel lock (1 on each side), Figure 8, cover-up |