Question | Answer |
The main excretion organ is the __ | Kidneys |
Functions of the kidneys are: | Filtration, absorption, secretion |
The urinary system is considered a __ system | Sterile |
What does FLUTD stand for? | feline lower urinary tract dz |
FLUTD is also known as ___ and ___ , | FUS and Feline idiopathic Interstitial cystitis |
__ is inflammation of the urinary tract/bladder and is common in __ between _ yrs old | *FLUTD *males *2-6yrs |
Define:Periuria | Urinating in different places |
Flutd is ___ and__% Resolve in __ days. Recurrence is ___ | *Idiopathic *85% *7-10 *common |
Cloudy urine with excessive licking is typically seen in ____ | canine bacterial cystitis |
___ and ___ are the most common bacteria seen in UTI’s | E-coli and Proteus spp |
___ is used for ___ days and is the most common AB used to treat UTI’s | *Clavamox *10-14 days |
___ and __ are urinary dz’s that are fatal if not treated | Feline urolith obstruction and urethral plug |
___ are the most common urethral obstructions in felines | Uroliths |
Distended bladder and excessive crying are signs of: | Feline urethral obstruction |
__ contain small amounts minerals and lrg amounts matrix | Urethral plug |
__ contain large amount of mineral and small amount of matrix | Uroliths |
Referring to x-rays: Ca oxalate, struvites, and urates are all ___ | radiopaque (light)’ |
A diet low in __ can help dissolve struvites | PH (Magnesium) |
__% of stones seen in blocked Toms are ___ | *60% *struvites |
___ system catheters are use in blocked Toms | Closed |
3 most common dog uroliths: | Struvites, Ca oxalate, Urates |
__ change and __ are the corrective measure needed to treat dogs with uroliths | *Diet change *sx |
__ crystals are found in___ and __% of female dogs and cats due to an __ph | *`Struvite *schn/cats 80% *ph (alkaline) |
__ crystal are very common ___ and 30-50% are found in ___ | *Ca oxalate *Min Schn *males |
___ (Urates) are common in dalmations and are from increased ___ and ___ | Uric acid crystals *PH /uric acid |
__% of cardiac output is filtered the the kidneys | 20% |
Reabsorption takes place in the ___ | renal tubules |
Filtering takes place in the renal___ | corpuscal |
Pre renal: | Dehydration, vomiting/diarrhea |
Post renal: | Blockage/backup of urine |
Renal azotemia: | Acute renal failure/kidney damage |
3 phases of acute renal failure: | Induction, maintance, recovery |
Intial insult, decreased renal function: | Induction |
Time during renal tubule damage occurs- wks-months : | maintance |
Time in which function improves: | Recovery |
Early CS PU/PD (cushinginoids, UTI, DM): | Renal reserve |
Up to 60% of nephron loss PU/PD Increased thirst: | Renal Insufficiency |
Azotemia, 75% loss of nephrons : | Renal failure |
Uremic breath, dehydration and need for SQ fluids: | advanced renal failure |
__ and are nephrotoxic drugs | “Mycine “ |
__ is a Bacterial causes of kidney dz that reduces bld flow thru the kidneys : | Pyelonephritis |
Kidneys are located: | behind the 13th rib |
Acute renal failure will have___ and a __PVC, __BUN/CREAT__CA __Phos | *acidosis *inc *inc *inc *inc |
Chronic renal failure will have a __ with a__PCV __in potassium (K) and __in Phos | *dec *anemia *dec *Inc |
Loss of urinary control: | Incontinence |
Incontinence can be caused by ___ and ___ | hormonal change and Sphincter tone |
Endocrine imbalance after spay can cause : | hormonal incontinence |
Urinary incontinence is treated with ___ and ____ | Diethylstiestrol and Phenylpropanolamide (prion) |
Inflammation of the tissue that line the inner surface of the eyelid: | Conjunctivitis |
Conjunctivitis can be caused by ___ or ___ | Bacterial or injury |
__ or ___ can be used to treat conjunctivitis | Triple AB ointment and cortison |
___ is the most common virus that cause BILATERAL conjunctivitis in felines | Feline herpes virus |
Normal Schimer tear test in dogs___ and normal in cats is | *15-25 *11-23 |
Def: Epiphoria | tearing |
2 causes of Epiphoria are: | Overproduction or faulty drainage (defect) |
__ is when the eyelids roll inward ____Sx is proformed to repair: | *entropion * Lateral canthoplasty |
Def: Chemosis | Swelling of the conjunctiva |
___ is when the eyelids roll outward and is a ___ condition | Ectropion *congenital |
Hyper trophy / prolapse of the 3rd eyelid is know as _____ | cherry eye |
Hypertrophy is common in dogs __ yrs and requires __ for repair | <2 yrs *sx |
The 3rd eyelid produces __% of tear | 30% |
Increased intraocular pressure: | Glaucoma |
Glaucoma is a ___ or ___condition that is considered an ____ if >30mm/hg | hereditary or secondary *emergency |
Normal intraocular pressure is | 12-22 mm /hg |
Treatment for glaucoma : | Latanoprost / dichlorphenamide |
Latanoprost (Xalatan): | facilitates flow of ocular fluid |
Dichlorphenamide(Daranide): | Decrease production of ocular fluid |
____ is secondary to glaucoma, a common complication: Inflammation of ciliary, iris, choroid: | Uvitis |
Ulcerative Keratitis are diagnosed using ___ and usually heal within ___ | Flourenscein dye test *Days |
___ and ___ can be used to treat ulcers | Autologous(serum for pet) broad spectrum AB’s |
Autologous: | serum from patient used to treat corneal ulcers, good for 72 hrs |
Deep ulcers are known as ____ and have membrane erosion | Desmetocelele |
Opaque, pink or milky lesions w/vascularization is ___ also known as Pannus : | Keratitis |
Keratitis is treated with life long ___ or ____ and is seen in increased ___ | *corticosteriods or cyclosporine(opptimmune ) *increased altitudes |
Kerato conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) Is also known as ___and is a lack of ____ | *Dry eye *tear production |
Dry eye causes recurrent ____ and ___ if left untreated. ___ and ___ are the meds of choice | *CONJUNCTIVITIS *BLINDNESS * artificial tears and cyclosporine(opptimmune) |
Reduce lens opacity: | Cataracts |
Cararacts are ___ or secondary to ____ | Genetic or DM |
___ is normal graying of the lens due to age and must be distinguished from cataracts | Senile nuclear sclerosis |
Inherited dz cause a loss of cones, rods, bld supply: | PRA-Progressive retinol atrophy |
Metabolic disorder that causes cataracts: | diabetes mellitus |
__ are for vision in the light and __ are for vision in the dark | *Rods *cones |
CS of PRA are night blindness, blindness,___ and a decrease in the ____ | *Cataracts *optic nerve |
___ is associated with taurine def in cats | PRA |
Dilated pupils: | Medrosis |
Constricted pupils: | Miosis |