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| activation-synthesis theory of dreams | the theory that parts of the brain are spontaneously activated during REM sleep adn that a dream is the brain's attempt to synthesize these sensations into a coherent pattern |
| alcohol | a class of molecules that includes methanol, ehtanol, propyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), and others |
| circadian rhythm | a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately 1 day |
| consciousness | the sbjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities |
| depressant | drugs that predominantly decrease arousal |
| electroencephalograh (EEG) | a device that measures and amplifies slight electrical changes on teh scalp that reflect brain activity |
| endorphins | chemicals produced by the brain taht have effects resembling those of opiates |
| evolutionary therory (or energy-conservation theory) of sleep | the theory that sleep evolved primarily as a means of forcing animals to conserve their energy when they are relatively inefficient |
| hallucination | a sensory experience not corresponding to reality, such as hearing or seeing something that is not present or failing to hear or see something that is present |
| hallucinogens | drugs that induce sensory distortions |
| hypersomnia | excessive but unrefreshing sleep |
| hynosis | a condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship |
| insomnia | a failure to get enough sleep at night to feel well rested the next day |
| jet lag | the discomfort and inefficienty that travelers experience in a new time zone because thir internal clocks are out of phase wit the light-dark cycle of their new environment |
| latent content | the hidden content that is represented symbolically in a dream experience, according to Freud |
| manifest content | the content that appears on the surface of a dream, according to Freud |
| mediation | a method of inducing a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques |
| narcolepsy | a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep, or at least feeling very sleepy, during the day |
| narcotics | drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness to events |
| neurocognitive theory | the approach that treats dreams as just another example of thinking, except that they occur under special conditions |
| opiates | either drugs derived from the opium poppy or synthetic drugs that produce effects similar to those of opium derivatives |
| periodic limb movement disorder | a condition that occurs during sleep, marked by unpleasant sensations in the legs and many repetitive leg movements strong enough to interrupt sleep |
| physical dependence | a condition whereby a habitual drug user is driven to seek the drug to escape or avoid the unpleasant eithdrawal effects that occur during abstention from the drug |
| polysomnograph | a device that measuers sleep stages using a combiantion of EEG and eye-movement records |
| posthypnotic suggestions | a suggestion made to hypnotized subjects that they will do experience something particular after coming out of hypnosis |
| psychological dependence | a strong repetitive desire for someting without any physical symptoms of withdrawal |
| rapid eye movement (REM) | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, and deep relaxation fo the postural muscles; also known as paradoxical sleep |
| repair and restoration theory | the theory that the purpose of sleep is to enable the body to recover from the exertions of the day |
| sleep apnea | a condition causing a person to have trouble breathing while asleep |
| stimulants | drugs that boost energy, heighten alertness, incresae activity, and produce a pleasant feeling |
| tolerance | the weakened effect of a drug after repeated use |
| tranquilizers | drugs that help people to relax |
| withdrawal effects | experiences that occur as a result of the removal of a drug from the brain |
