Question | Answer |
what units of the body are the cells | structural and functional |
the site of ATP production occurs in what organelle | mitochondria |
cilia | numerous, short-like projections used to move substances across the cell surfaces |
flagella | long, whip-like projections used for locomotion |
what do cilia and flagella do | used to move substances across cell surfaces and locomotion |
where are the chromosomes contained | nucleus(controls cell function) |
the forcing of water and solutes through a plasma membrane by blood pressure is called | filtration |
the movement of molcules through a plasma membrane by carrier protein AND expenditure of energy by the cell is called | ATP |
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration WITHOUT an expenditure of energy is diffusion. T or F | true |
the diffusion of water is called | osmosis |
in osmosis, the water moves from the _________ solution to the ____________ solution | hypotonic; hypertonic |
what is the largest organelle in the cell(found in the center of the cell) | nucleus |
what are the most important structures in the nucleus | chromosomes |
what are chromosomes made of | DNA and protein |
what in the chromosomes contains coded instructions that control the functions of the cell | DNA |
what is a functional protein and what do they do in the body | antibodies provide immunity enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body |
mitotic cell division | replication of parent cells/ enables growth and repair |
meiotic cell division | only with sex chromosomes/ produces four haploid daughter cells |
movement of water without ATP is called | osmosis |
the movement of MOLECULES from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called | diffusion |
what structure of the cell controls movement of materials into and out of the cell | plasma membrane |
end product of cellular respiration | ATP(energy) |
what is cellular respiration | the process that breaks down nutrients to release energy held in their chemical bonds |
hypertonic | low water/ high solutes(shrink cell) |
hypotonic | high water/ low solutes(swells cell) |
isotonic | same concentration of solutes and water |
enzymes | functional proteins. speed up the chemical reactions in the body |
element | substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances |
the three most abundant elements composing the body are | hydrogen, oxygen, carbon |
the three types of subatomic particles make up an atom | protons neutrons elctrons |
the smallest unit of an element with the characteristics of that element is an | atom |
negatively charged particles in an atom are | electrons |
positively charged particles in an atom are | protons |
what subatomic particles of an atom carries no electrical charge | neutrons |
a substance formed by a combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio is a | chemical compound |
the most abundant inorganic compound in the body is | water |
a chemical reasction in which a complex molecule is broken down into simpler molecules is a | decomposition reaction |
what is a synthesis reaction | simple substance combine to form a more complex substance |
what is decomposition reaction | a complex substance is broken down into simpler substances |
organic molecules are distinguished by containing what element or elements (this element forms the "backbone" of organic compounds) | carbon and hydrogen and usually contain oxygen |
inorganic molecules are distinguishedby containing what elements | cotain EITHER carbon or hydrogen. the DO NOT contain both |
the SOLVENT in which the chemical reaction of life occur is | water |
the pH of a substance where the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal is | have a pH of 7. neither acid or base |
the pH range of acid is | 0-7 |
the pH range of a base is | 7-14 |
buffer | a chemical or a combination of chemicals that either picks up excess H ot releases H to keep the pH of a solution rather constant |
the class of organic compounds that are the primary source of a nutrient energy for the body is | carbohydrates |
glucose, fructose, abd galactose are | monosacchorides |
maltose, sucrose, and lactose are | disacchorides |
define and describe polysacchorides | is formed by the chemical combination of many monosacchoride units |
the storage form of carbohydrates in the body is | glycogen |
the form os carbohydrates transported in the blood is | glucose |
triglycerides phospholides and steroids belong to the class of compounds known as | lipids |
a molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acids is a | triglycerides |
excess nutrients are usually stroed in the bodyas | triglcerides (fat) |
sex hormones and cholesterol are examples of a class of lipids known as | steroids |
the class of lipids forming a major part of cell membranes is | phospholipids |
the steroid that tends to be deposited in arterial walls when it is excessively abundant in blood is | cholesterol |
the class of organic compounds that are formed of amino acids is | proteins |
enzymes | functional protiens. critical role in all metobolic reactions speed up chemical reactions in cells |
DNA and RNA are examples of large molecules calles | nucleic acids |
the building units of a nucleic acid are | nucleotides |
the nucleic acid composed of two twisted stands of nucleotides is | DNA |
the nucleic acid composed of a single strand of nuceotides | RNA |
energy for immediate cellular use is provided by | ATP |
the heredity information of chromosomes is encoded in | DNA |
what is ATP | adenosine triphoshate |
MORE hydrogen ions mean what in the pH scale | the lower pH or ACIDIC the solution is |
LESS hydrogen ions means what in the pH scale | the lower the pH or more ALKALINE (BASIC) the solution is |
active transport | movement of a substnce through the plasma membrane requiring the expediture of energy by the cell |
passive transport | movement of substance through a plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell |
osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
diffusion | passive movement of molucules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
filtration | the forcing of small molecules through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure |
phagocytosis | the process with cells ingulf particles |
exocytosis | exo=outside extrusion of substances by evagination of the plasma membrane |
endocytosis | end=inside cyt=cell sis=condition engulfing substances by invagination of the plasma membrane |
pinocytosis | the process by which the cells ingulf liquids |
cellular respirtaion | breakdown of organtic nutritents, which releases energy to form ATP |
matter | anything that has a weight and occupies weight |
electrolyte | a substance that ionizes when dissolved in water |
nucleic acid | a compound whose molecules are composed of a seris of nucleotides: either DNA or RNA |