| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Actions |
| Biceps Brachii | 1.Short head: coracoid process of scapula
2.Long head: supraglenoid tuberosity of scapula | Tuberosity of the radius and aponeurosis of the biceps brachii | 1.Flex the elbow (humeroulnar joint)
2.Supine the forearm (radioulnar joints)
3.Flex the shoulder (glenohumeral joint) |
| Triceps Brachii | 1.Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
2.Lateral head: Posterior surface of the proximal half of the humerus
3.Medial head: Posterior surface of distal half of the humerus | 1.Olecranon process of the ulna | 1.All heads: Extend the elbow (humeroulnar joint)
2.Long head: Extend the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
3.Long Head: Adduct the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Extensors (G) | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus | 1.Metacarpals
2.Phalanges | 1.Extension of the radiocarpal joint
2.Extension of the metacarpals pophalanges joints
3.Extension of the interphalangeal joint |
| Flexors (G) | Medial epicondyle of the humerus | 1.Carpals
2.Metacarpal
3.Phalanges
4.Palmar aponeurosis | 1.Flexion of the radiocarpal joint
2.Flexion of the metacarpals pophalanges joints
3.Flexion of the interphalangeal joint |
| Deltoid | 1.Interior Side:Lateral one-third of clavicle,
2.Medial Side: Acromion
3.Posterior side:Spine of the scapula | Deltoid tuberosity | 1Flex the shoulder (G/H joint)
2.Medially rotate the shoulder (G/H joint)
3.Horizontally adduct the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Trapezius I | External occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae & spinous of C-7 through T-12 | Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion & spine of the scapula | 1.Bilaterally
a.Extend the head & neck
2.Unilaterally
a.Laterally Flex the head and neck to the same side
b.Rotate the head & neck to the opposite side
c.Elevate the scapula (scapulothoracic joint)
d.Upwardly rotate the scapula (S/T Joint) |
| Trapezius II | External occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae & spinous of C-7 through T-12 | Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion & spine of the scapula | a. Abduct the scapula (S/T Joint)
b. Stabilize the scapula (S/T Joint) |
| Trapezius III | External occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae & spinous of C-7 through T-12 | Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion & spine of the scapula | a.Depress the scapula (S/T Joint)
b.Upwardly rotate the scapula (S/T Joint) |
| Latissimus Dorsi | Inferior angle of the scapula, spinous processes of last six thoracic vertebrae, last three or four ribs, thoracolumbar aponeursis & posterior iliac crest | Intertubercular groove of the humerus | a.Extend the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
b.Abduct the shoulder (G/H joint)
c.Medially rotate the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Teres Major | a.Inferior angle and lower one-third of lateral border of the scapula | a.Crest of the lesser turbercle of the humerus | a.Extend the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
b.Abduct the shoulder (G/H joint)
c.Medially rotate the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Serratus Anterior | External surface of upper eight or nine ribs | Anterior surface of medial border of the scapula | a.Abduct the scapula (scapulothoracic joint)
b.Upwardly rotate the scapula (S/T joint)
c.Depress the scapula (S/T joint)
d.Hold the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage
scapula Fixed
a.May act to elevate the thorax during forced inhalati |
| Pectoral Major(All fibers) | Medial half of clavicle, sternum & cartilage of first through sixth ribs | Crest of greater tubercle of humerus | (All fibers)
a.Abduct the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
b.Medially rotate the shoulder (G/H joint)
c.Assist to elevate the thorax during forced inhalation (with arm fixed) |
| Pectoral Major(Clavicular fibers) | Medial half of clavicle, sternum & cartilage of first through sixth ribs | Crest of greater tubercle of humerus | (Clavicular fibers)
a.Flex the shoulder (G/H joint)
b.Horizontally adduct the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Pectoral Major(Costal fibers) | Medial half of clavicle, sternum & cartilage of first through sixth ribs | Crest of greater tubercle of humerus | (Costal fibers)
a.Extend the shoulder (G/H joint) |
| Rectus Abdominis | Pubic crest, pubic symphysis | Cartilage of fifth, six, and seventh ribs & xiphoid process | a.Flex the vertebral column
b.Tilt pelvis posteriorly |
| External Obliques | External surface of fifth to twelfth ribs | Anterior parts of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to line alba | Unilaterally
a.Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
b.Rotate vertebral column to the opposite side
Bilaterally
a.Flex the vertebral column
b.Compress abdominal contents |
| Internal Obliques | Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia | Internal surface of lower three ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to line alba | Unilaterally
a.Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
b.Rotate vertebral column to the same side
Bilaterally
a.Flex the vertebral column
b.Compress abdominal contents |
| Transverse Abdominis | Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and internal surface of lower six ribs | Abdominal aponeurosis to line alba | Compress abdominal contents |
| Rectus Femoris | Anterior inferior iliac crest (AIIS) | Tibia tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament) | a.Extend the knee (tibiafemoral joint)
b.Flex the hip (coxal joint) |
| Vastus Lateralis | Lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity and greater trochanter | Tibia tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament) | A Extend the knee (tibiafemoral joint) |
| Vastus Medialis | Medial lip of linea aspera | Tibia tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament) | Extend the knee (tibiafemoral joint) |
| Vastus Intermedius | Anterior & lateral shaft of the femur | Tibia tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament | Extend the knee (tibiafemoral joint) |
| Biceps Femoris | Long Head: Ischial tuberosity
b. Short Head: Lateral lip of the linea aspera | Head of fibula | Extends the ecetabulofemoral joint
b. Lateral rotates the ecetabulofemoral joint
c. Flexes the tibiofemoral joint
d. Laterally rotates tibia when the tibiofemoral joint is flexed |
| Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity | Proximal, medial shaft of the tibia at the pes anserine | a.Extension of the acetabulofemoral joint
b.Medial rotation of the acetabulofemoral joint
c.Flexion of the tibiofemoral joint
d.Medially rotates the tibia when the tibiofemoral joint is flexed |
| Semimembranosus | Ischial tuberosity | Posterior medial tibial condyle | a.Extension of the acetabulofemoral joint
b.Medial rotation of the acetabulofemoral joint
c.Flexion of the tibiofemoral joint
d.Medially rotates the tibia when the tibiofemoral joint is flexed |
| Gluteus Maximus | a.Coccyx
b.Posterior sacrum
c.Posterior iliac crest
d.Sacrotuberous ligament
e.Sacroiliac ligament | a.Gluteal tuberosity of femur
b.Iliotibial tract | a.Extend the acetabulofemoral joint
b.Laterally rotates the acetabulofemoral joint
c.Abduct the acetabulofemoral joint
d.Adduct the acetabulofemoral joint |
| Tensor Facia Latae | Iliac crest posterior to the ASIS | Lateral condyle of the tibia (via iliotibial band) | Flexion, abduction & medial rotation of the acetabulofemoral joint |
| Gastrocnemius | Condyles of the femur, posterior surfaces | Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon | a.Flex the knee (tibiofemoral joint)
b.Plantar flex the ankle (talocrural joint) |
| Soleus | Soleal line; proximal, posterior surface of tibia; posterior aspect of head of fibula and proximal, posterior surface tibia | Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon | Plantar flex the ankle (talocural joint) |
| Peroneus Longus | Head of fibula and proximal two-thirds of lateral fibula | Base if the first metatarsals and medial cuneiform | a.Evert the foot
b.Assist the plantar flex the ankle (talocrural joint) |
| Tibialis Anterior | Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane | Medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal | a.Invert the foot
b.Dorsiflex the ankle (talocrural joint) |
